Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits of the Des Moines and James lobes and adjacent areas in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa

Hallberg, George R.; Kemmis, Timothy J.

doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90175-7

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…During the last glaciation, the basins of the Great Lakes constituted a major topographic control on ice flow, which resulted in a lobate ice margin during the LGM and during ice retreat (Karrow, 1989;Mickelson and Colgan, 2003). The maximum extent during the Late Wisconsinan was attained earlier than in the James and Des Moines Lobes to the west (Mickelson et al, 1983;Hallberg and Kemmis, 1986;Mickelson and Colgan, 2003). This was most apparent at the contact between the Des Moines Lobe and the Superior Lobe, where the latter retreated to the NE and the Grantsburg Sub-lobe of the Des Moines Lobe advanced into the area formerly occupied by the Superior Lobe (Figs.…”

Section: Great Lakesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets

Margold

Stokes

Clark

2015

Earth-Science Reviews

211

222

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This paper presents a comprehensive review and synthesis of ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) based on a new mapping inventory that includes previously hypothesised ice streams and includes a concerted effort to search for others from across the entire ice sheet bed. The inventory includes 117 ice streams, which have been identified based on a variety of evidence including their bedform imprint, large-scale geomorphology/ topography, till properties, and ice rafted debris in ocean sediment records. Despite uncertainty in identifying ice streams in hard bedrock areas, it is unlikely that any major ice streams have been missed. During the Last Glacial Maximum, Laurentide ice streams formed a drainage pattern that bears close resemblance to the present day velocity patterns in modern ice sheets. Large ice streams had extensive onset zones and were fed by multiple tributaries and, where ice drained through regions of high relief, the spacing of ice streams shows a degree of spatial self-organisation which has hitherto not been recognised. Topography exerted a primary control on the location of ice streams, but there were large areas along the western and southern margin of the ice sheet where the bed was composed of weaker sedimentary bedrock, and where networks of ice streams switched direction repeatedly and probably over short time scales. As the ice sheet retreated onto its low relief interior, several ice streams show no correspondence with topography or underlying geology, perhaps facilitated by localised build-up of pressurised subglacial meltwater. They differed from most other ice stream tracks in having much lower length-to-width ratios and have no modern analogues. There have been very few attempts to date the initiation and cessation of ice streams, but it is clear that ice streams switched on and off during deglaciation, rather than maintaining the same trajectory as the ice margin retreated. We provide a first order estimate of changes in ice stream activity during deglaciation and show that around 30% of the margin was drained by ice streams at the LGM (similar to that for present day Antarctic ice sheets), but this decreases to 15% and 12% at 12 cal ka BP and 10 cal ka BP, respectively. The extent to which these changes in the ice stream drainage network represent a simple and predictable readjustment to a changing mass balance driven by climate, or internal ice dynamical feedbacks unrelated to climate (or both) is largely unknown and represents a key area for future work to address.

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Section: Great Lakesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets

Margold

Stokes

Clark

2015

Earth-Science Reviews

211

222

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“…It appears that the northernmost part of the region experienced mostly glacial erosion, and areas south of central Minnesota experienced deposition of till and ice-marginal sediment during nearly all ice advances. The area of thickest sediment in southwest Minnesota, where the largest number of tills is present, likely experienced numerous and relatively frequent glaciations; the southernmost glaciated regions experienced fewer glaciations and longer intervening periods (Boellstorff, 1978c;Hallberg and Kemmis, 1986;Setterholm, 1995;Patterson, 1997Patterson, , 1999Soller and Packard, 1998;Roy and others, 2004). Here we focus on two areas: the region of thickest glacial sediment in southwestern Minnesota and adjacent South Dakota, and the region of thinner sediment, fewer tills, and better-developed interglacial deposits in eastern Nebraska and adjacent Iowa ( fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Dating Plio-Pleistocene glacial sediments using the cosmic-ray-produced radionuclides 10Be and 26Al

Balco¹

2005

American Journal of Science

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We use the cosmic-ray-produced radionuclides 26 Al and 10 Be to date Plio-Pleistocene glacial sediment sequences. These two nuclides are produced in quartz at a fixed ratio, but have different decay constants. If a sample is exposed at the surface for a time and then buried by overburden and thus removed from the cosmic-ray flux, the 26 Al/ 10 Be ratio is related to the duration of burial. We first attempted to date pre-Wisconsinan tills by measuring 26 Al and 10 Be in fluvial sediments beneath them and applying the method of "burial dating," which previous authors have used to date river sediment carried into caves. This method, however, requires simplifying assumptions about the 26 Al and 10 Be concentrations in the sediment at the time of burial. We show that these assumptions are not valid for river sediment in glaciated regions. 26 Al and 10 Be analyses of such sediment do not provide accurate ages for these tills, although they do yield limiting ages in some cases. We overcome this difficulty by instead measuring 26 Al and 10 Be in quartz from paleosols that are buried by tills. We use a more general mathematical approach to determine the initial nuclide concentrations in the paleosol at the time it was buried, as well as the duration of burial. This technique provides a widely applicable improvement on other means of dating Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial glacial sediments, as well as a framework for applying cosmogenic-nuclide dating techniques in complicated stratigraphic settings. We apply it to pre-Wisconsinan glacial sediment sequences in southwest Minnesota and eastern South Dakota. Pre-Wisconsinan tills underlying the Minnesota River Valley were deposited 0.5 to 1.5 Ma, and tills beneath the Prairie Coteau in eastern South Dakota and adjacent Minnesota were deposited 1 to 2 Ma.introduction: purpose of this study

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“…The resultant age of 15.7 ± 2.0 ka is older than expected for the timing of deglaciation in the region. However, this result may reflect supra-glacial lake formation during initial stagnation and retreat of the Des Moines lobe from the Algona moraine (prior to 14.8 ka, Hallberg and Kemmis, 1986).…”

Section: Osl Ages Are Presented Inmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Bateman et al, 2012). The apparent age of 18.7 ka is intriguing as it may reflect sub-glacial redeposition of sediments associated with ice-free conditions in the region following an advance at~20 ka but prior to re-advance to the position of the Bemis moraine at~17 ka (Hallberg and Kemmis, 1986).…”

Section: Osl Ages Are Presented Inmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…1) at~14.0 14 C ka BP (~17.0 cal ka BP, calibration using Intcal13 Reimer et al, 2013 and presented as the median value) (Clayton and Moran, 1982;Hallberg and Kemmis, 1986). Subsequent re-advances to the Altamont and Algona moraines in northern Iowa occurred by~13.5 14 C ka BP (~16.3 cal ka BP) and~12.6 14 C ka BP (~14.8 cal ka BP) respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Application of single-grain OSL dating to ice-proximal deposits, glacial Lake Benson, west-central Minnesota, USA

Rittenour

Cotter

Arends

2015

Quaternary Geochronology

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a b s t r a c tGlacial Lake Benson formed in west-central Minnesota as the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet retreated north of a small moraine in the Minnesota River lowland. Although previous research has constrained the timing of glacial Lake Agassiz immediately to the north, little age control is available for the formation of glacial Lake Benson and ice-marginal positions to the south. In order to constrain the age of glacial Lake Benson and test the application of single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to ice-marginal deposits, seven OSL samples were collected from a variety of depositional settings. These included deltaic deposits linked to specific lake levels, pro-glacial fluvial, ice-contact and supra-glacial deposits. Single-grain OSL results indicate evidence for incomplete resetting (partial bleaching) of the luminescence signal, as expected for glacial environments, and therefore ages were calculated using a minimum age model. OSL results constrain the timing of ice-margin retreat and lake formation to 14.4e14.8 ka. Analysis of single-grain equivalent dose distributions indicates that deposits created by glacial-dominated processes typically had higher over-dispersion (>50%) and greater positive skew (>0.9) than deposits originating from fluvial processes. These results suggest that water-lain deposits should be targeted for OSL sampling over those created by glacial processes when dating iceproximal settings.

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Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits of the Des Moines and James lobes and adjacent areas in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets

Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets

Dating Plio-Pleistocene glacial sediments using the cosmic-ray-produced radionuclides 10Be and 26Al

Application of single-grain OSL dating to ice-proximal deposits, glacial Lake Benson, west-central Minnesota, USA

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