Stratigraphic Relationships in Jezero Crater, Mars: Constraints on the Timing of Fluvial‐Lacustrine Activity From Orbital Observations

Holm‐Alwmark, Sanna; Kinch, K. M.; Hansen, Michael D.; Shahrzad, Stephanie; Svennevig, Kristian; Abbey, W. J.; Anderson, R. B.; Calef, F.; Gupta, Sanjeev; Hauber, Ernst; Horgan, B.; Kah, L. C.; Knade, Julius; Miklusicak, N.; Stack, K. M.; Sun, V. Z.; Tarnas, J. D.; Quantin‐Nataf, Cathy

doi:10.1029/2021je006840

Cited by 23 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(322 reference statements)

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“…This relatively thin (~13 m) ( 14 ) stratigraphic unit exhibits a rough surface texture and distinctive lobate margins. It has been mapped recently ( 15 – 17 ) as the crater floor fractured rough (Cf-fr) unit and is called the Máaz fm ( 24 ) in the region of the initial rover traverse (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salts observed within Máaz were formed after the emplacement of these rocks, likely by filling pores and vesicles from a top-down aqueous circulation. Assuming the delta deposits were emplaced subsequent to the Cf-fr unit ( 17 ), the origin of salt deposition may be connected to the period of lake activity within Jezero crater, especially since the lake was closed for a substantial fraction of its history ( 3 ) and was therefore favorable to evaporative salt precipitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. 17 University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain. 18 Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ.…”

Section: Geological Description and Stratigraphic Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exploration of the existing carbonates at Jezero and the specific conditions that produced these carbonates should help understand the common association of carbonate and olivine signals in orbital spectra and the processes that formed the rare carbonate deposits on Mars. Last, Jezero crater has been suggested to contain an igneous mafic floor unit (7,8,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), which may facilitate the return of radiometrically datable samples to calibrate Mars' crater-derived surface ages, as well as a high priority for sample return (18,19). However, before the landing of the Perseverance rover, the origin of the units on Jezero crater's floor remained debated; earlier igneous interpretations (7,8,12,13,20) were called into question in favor of ashfall, aeolian, or sedimentary emplacement [e.g., (15)(16)(17)].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Last, Jezero crater has been suggested to contain an igneous mafic floor unit (7,8,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), which may facilitate the return of radiometrically datable samples to calibrate Mars' crater-derived surface ages, as well as a high priority for sample return (18,19). However, before the landing of the Perseverance rover, the origin of the units on Jezero crater's floor remained debated; earlier igneous interpretations (7,8,12,13,20) were called into question in favor of ashfall, aeolian, or sedimentary emplacement [e.g., (15)(16)(17)].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

et al. 2022

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Before Perseverance, Jezero crater’s floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification. The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Description and Stratigraphic Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

et al. 2022

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Mineralogy, morphology, and emplacement history of the Maaz formation on the Jezero crater floor from orbital and rover observations

Horgan

Udry

Rice

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The first samples collected by the Perseverance rover on the Mars 2020 mission were from the Maaz formation, a lava plain that covers most of the floor of Jezero crater. Laboratory analysis of these samples back on Earth will provide important constraints on the petrologic history, aqueous processes, and timing of key events in Jezero. However, interpreting these samples will require a detailed understanding of the emplacement and modification history of the Maaz formation. Here we synthesize rover and orbital remote sensing data to link outcrop-scale interpretations to the broader history of the crater, including Mastcam-Z mosaics and multispectral images, SuperCam chemistry and reflectance point spectra, RIMFAX ground penetrating radar, and orbital hyperspectral reflectance and high-resolution images. We show that the Maaz formation is composed of a series of distinct members corresponding to basaltic to basaltic andesite lava flows. The members exhibit variable spectral signatures dominated by high-Ca pyroxene, Fe-bearing feldspar, and hematite, which can be tied directly to igneous grains and altered matrix in abrasion patches. Spectral variations correlate with morphological variations, from recessive layers that produce a regolith lag in lower Maaz, to weathered polygonally fractured paleosurfaces and crater-retaining massive blocky hummocks in upper Maaz. The Maaz members were likely separated by one or more extended periods of time, and were subjected to variable erosion, burial, exhumation, weathering, and tectonic modification. The two unique samples from the Maaz formation are representative of this diversity, and together will provide an important geochronological framework for the history of Jezero crater. Hosted fileessoar.10512674.1.docx available at https://authorea.com/users/531790/articles/620328mineralogy-morphology-and-emplacement-history-of-the-maaz-formation-on-the-jezerocrater-floor-from-orbital-and-rover-observations Mineralogy, morphology, and emplacement history of the Maaz formation on the Jezero crater floor from orbital and rover observations

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Machine learning methods applied to combined Raman and LIBS spectra: Implications for mineral discrimination in planetary missions

Julve‐Gonzalez,

Manrique,

Veneranda

et al. 2023

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The combined analysis of geological targets by complementary spectroscopic techniques could enhance the characterization of the mineral phases found on Mars. This is indeed the case with the SuperCam instrument onboard the Perseverance rover. In this framework, the present study seeks to evaluate and compare multiple machine learning techniques for the characterization of carbonate minerals based on Raman‐LIBS (Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) spectroscopic data. To do so, a Ca‐Mg prediction curve was created by mixing hydromagnesite and calcite at different concentration ratios. After their characterization by Raman and LIBS spectroscopy, different multivariable machine learning (Gaussian process regression, support vector machines, ensembles of trees, and artificial neural networks) were used to predict the concentration ratio of each sample from their respective datasets. The results obtained by separately analyzing Raman and LIBS data were then compared to those obtained by combining them. By comparing their performance, this work demonstrates that mineral discrimination based on Gaussian and ensemble methods optimized the combine of Raman‐LIBS dataset outperformed those ensured by Raman and LIBS data alone. This demonstrated that the fusion of data combination and machine learning is a promising approach to optimize the analysis of spectroscopic data returned from Mars.

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Stratigraphic Relationships in Jezero Crater, Mars: Constraints on the Timing of Fluvial‐Lacustrine Activity From Orbital Observations

Cited by 23 publications

References 97 publications

Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

Mineralogy, morphology, and emplacement history of the Maaz formation on the Jezero crater floor from orbital and rover observations

Machine learning methods applied to combined Raman and LIBS spectra: Implications for mineral discrimination in planetary missions

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