Strategy for the Supply Chain Development of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Pakistan

Ahmad, Mushtaq; Ahmed, S.; Riaz, Mudassar; Zafar, Muhammad; Khan, Mir Ajab; Sultana, Shazia

doi:10.1080/15567249.2010.536814

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moreover, it has deteriorated the ecosystem by creating severe environmental concerns such as intensifying local air pollution, ozone depletion, acid rain, and global warming (Rahman et al, 2017). It is due to the emission of hazardous gases like CO 2, SO x, NO x , CO, and hydrocarbons produced during fossil fuel combustion that cause the greenhouse effect (Ahmad et al, 2011a;Mumtaz et al, 2021). The primary source for fulfilling basic energy needs is regular non-renewable petroleum-based fuel (Ullah et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Synthesis From Cucumis melo Var. agrestis Seed Oil: Toward Non-food Biomass Biorefineries

et al. 2022

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This study aims to examine the potential of non-edible seed oil (Cucumis melo var. agrestis), seed oil content 29.1%, FFA 0.64 (mg KOH/g) for biodiesel production via nano-catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The maximum biodiesel yield (93%) was attained under optimized conditions, i.e., 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 2 wt% catalyst (MgO) at 60°C. The synthesized biodiesel yield was optimized through response surface technology via Box Behnken design (BBD). Biodiesel was characterized by advanced analytical techniques, including gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Fuel properties of synthesized biodiesel, including density (0.800 kg/L), K. viscosity @ 40°C (4.23 cSt), cloud point −12°C, pour point −7°C, sulfur content (0.0001%), flash point (73.5°C), total acid no (0.167 mg KOH/g) were found in lines with international standard of American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM). Cucumis melo var. agrestic seed oil and nano MgO catalyst appeared as economical, sustainable, and feasible candidates to overcome global energy glitches and environmental issues. The study findings involving unpalatable seed oil will be a promising step toward non-food biomass biorefinery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Synthesis From Cucumis melo Var. agrestis Seed Oil: Toward Non-food Biomass Biorefineries

et al. 2022

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“…It is ecofriendly, as it causes less environment pollution and increases the efficiency of engine. By using biodiesel as a fuel we can utilize waste resources such as waste oil, animal fat, edible seeds, and plants to produce an effective product which works for the welfare of mankind (Ahmad et al, 2011; Munir et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Niazi

Ahmad

Elnaggar

et al. 2021

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC–MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (−13°C), cloud point (−9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.

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Bio-diesel—A global scenario

Alagumalai

Subramaniam²,

Murugesan³

2014

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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Strategy for the Supply Chain Development of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Biodiesel Synthesis From Cucumis melo Var. agrestis Seed Oil: Toward Non-food Biomass Biorefineries

Biodiesel Synthesis From Cucumis melo Var. agrestis Seed Oil: Toward Non-food Biomass Biorefineries

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Bio-diesel—A global scenario

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