Strategies to resolve intrinsic conflicts between strength and toughness in polyethylene composites

Shirvanimoghaddam, Kamyar; Balaji, K V; Ahmadi, Mojtaba; Nazarloo, Hossein Ajdari; Yadav, Ramdayal; Zabihi, Omid; Egan, Brian; Adetunji, Philip; Naebe, Minoo

doi:10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.03.004

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…When there is weak connection between the filler and the matrix, application of external load in the same direction of crack propagation would lead to earlier interface delamination, so to resist this phenomenon, it is necessary to have strong interfacial interaction between the fillers and the polymer matrix. The improvement in mechanical properties here in the case of HDPE composites reinforced with plasma-treated carbon when compared to the latter reinforced with untreated carbon portrays the importance of strong interfacial interaction very well . Overall, the improvement in the mechanical properties strongly supports the fact that surface modification of the carbon by means of plasma significantly helped to enhance the interface adhesion.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The improvement in mechanical properties here in the case of HDPE composites reinforced with plasma-treated carbon when compared to the latter reinforced with untreated carbon portrays the importance of strong interfacial interaction very well. 40 Overall, the improvement in the mechanical properties strongly supports the fact that surface modification of the carbon by means of plasma significantly helped to enhance the interface adhesion. The fracture surface of the films was analyzed using SEM, which is represented in Figure 7.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Upcycling of Waste Polymer Using Surface Modified Hemp Derived Biochar Carbon for Sustainable Packaging Applications

Chandrasekhar,

Edwards,

Mortley

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage.

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Out of 300 million tons of plastics produced globally, only 10% are being recycled. Due to this, there is always a demand for alternative, effective methods to cope with this low recycling rate of plastics. This work demonstrates such an effective technique for recycling high-density polyethylene (HDPE) wastes, incorporating biochar synthesized from postharvest hemp crop residue as fillers. Generally, carbon-based materials are considered to have inert surface properties. However, hemp-derived carbon was successfully functionalized in this work using low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment in the presence of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) gas. Changes such as the presence of fluorine functional groups and alterations in the surface morphology, which resulted in surface area enhancement, were observed with the LTP treatment. An X-ray diffraction study of the carbon samples revealed the formation of a new peak at 18.98°, which corresponds to the [002] lattice planes because of the LTP treatment. The presence of fluorine in the LTP-treated carbon samples was confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The composite films reinforced with LTP-treated carbon had a significant increase in crystallinity percentage and mechanical properties compared to those of films reinforced with untreated carbon. The HDPE/carbon films loaded with 1 wt % of LTP-treated carbon had superior mechanical and thermal properties compared to the rest of the samples. Compared to HDPE films without any carbon fillers, the HDPE/carbon films loaded with 1 wt % LTP-treated carbon significantly improved elastic modulus and maximum tensile strength by around 3.4 times and 3.7 times, respectively. However, when compared to the neat HDPE film, there was a significant drop in the ability to strain with the LTP-treated, carbon-loaded film samples. The overall crystallinity of HDPE increased by a maximum of 43.8% by the addition of LTP-treated carbon. The LTP treatment was found to be effective in enhancing the interfacial adhesion of carbon and its interaction with the HDPE matrix.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Upcycling of Waste Polymer Using Surface Modified Hemp Derived Biochar Carbon for Sustainable Packaging Applications

Chandrasekhar,

Edwards,

Mortley

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage.

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“…The striking properties of CNTs have claimed a range of applications including polymer nanocomposites [25][26][27][28][29][30] for coatings, structural materials, chemical sensors [31] for environmental monitoring, food packaging, and agriculture, biological sensors, biomedical applications [32][33][34][35][36] for drug delivery, [37] wound healing, gene, and cancer therapy, energy storage [38] for fuel cells, lithium batteries, chemical, and biological separations, catalyst, [39] water treatment, [40] etc. The intriguing properties of CNTs are exploited by their assembling into a number of morphologies from individual tubes to macroscopic architecture.…”

Section: The Need For Surface Modification On Cntmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Functionality through Periodical Patterning on Carbon Nanotubes

Shirvanimoghaddam,

Ozen,

et al. 2024

Small Structures

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From their foundational role in electronics to their pivotal contributions in the structural domain, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exemplify a revolutionary nanomaterial with broad applications. The chemical inertness of the CNT surface is a primary limitation that restricts the full utilization of CNTs for mass use in several applications. Herein, works performed on the development of surface‐modified CNTs known as periodically patterned structures are focused. Different structures including shish kebab, nanofiber, nanoflower, and cheetah skin CNT have been studied. Periodic patterning on CNTs offers a chance to improve the nanotube's surface properties and roughness, facilitating better interaction with a matrix. Additionally, the fully controllable processing procedure opens significant opportunities for additional modification and attachment of phases onto specific areas of periodically patterned CNTs. The periodic patterning aspect holds promise for the mass production of surface‐modified CNTs, enhancing their surface multifunctionality. This advancement has the potential to cater to a diverse array of applications, offering improved surface functionality in a mass‐production setting.

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“…[1,2] Packaging films and plastic bags are considered SUP and are commonly made of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). [3,4] They are adopted as an alternative to natural resources-based materials such as paper in food packaging, especially due to their inertness and protecting ability. [5,6] In Australia, plastic packaging comprises roughly 1 million tonnes (� 20 %) of plastic in the market, with LDPE accounting for approximately 23.3 % (233,000 � 20 %) of that total.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanical properties of single‐use plastics, in addition to their low cost, make them an ideal choice for packaging due to their ability to offer superior protection and preservation [1,2] . Packaging films and plastic bags are considered SUP and are commonly made of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) [3,4] . They are adopted as an alternative to natural resources‐based materials such as paper in food packaging, especially due to their inertness and protecting ability [5,6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Single‐Use Plastics into Lighter Hydrocarbons via an Economical Coal Fly Ash based Zeolite Catalyst

Hossein Nazarloo,

Zabihi,

Shirvanimoghaddam

et al. 2023

ChemCatChem

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A mixture of zeolite X and A, derived from coal fly ash (CFA), was protonated and utilized as an acid catalyst to decompose single‐use plastics (SUP) waste into lighter hydrocarbons. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was selected as the source of SUP, and this study aimed to investigate the catalytic effects of the protonated CFA‐derived zeolite (H‐XA) as an economical option on the LDPE pyrolysis temperature and output. CFA converted into H‐XA through the conventional alkali fusion, followed by sonication and simplified hydrothermal and protonation processes. The impact of the alkali agent ratio on the resulting product was investigated, and outcomes were evaluated. The product with optimum properties was then selected for investigation in the LDPE pyrolysis studies. Finally, the results were compared with commercial Protonated Zeolite Socony Mobil‐5 (H‐ZSM5) and thermal decomposition without catalysts. Regarding LDPE degradation temperature, H‐XA could lower that by 97 °C compared to thermal degradation, which was almost the same as commercial H‐ZSM5 with 110 °C. The pyrograms obtained through the Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Py‐GCMS) analysis indicated the elimination of heavier hydrocarbons in the presence of H‐XA and the product spectra laid in the range of C3 to C9, which was entirely different from the LDPE with hydrocarbons of varying lengths. Moreover, kinetic studies on the LDPE decomposition reactions in this work have revealed that LDPE conversion occurs at a lower activation energy level in the presence of H‐XA, which is comparable to the energy level observed when H‐ZSM5 is used as the catalyst. The synthesis of H‐XA with desirable catalytic activity, such as the ability to lower the LDPE degradation temperature and make lighter hydrocarbons as the pyrolysis output, suggests the great potential of the CFA‐based acid catalyst for use in SUP recycling. This represent a game of waste versus waste within the framework of the circular economy, where the environment is the ultimate winner.

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Strategies to resolve intrinsic conflicts between strength and toughness in polyethylene composites

Cited by 13 publications

References 157 publications

Upcycling of Waste Polymer Using Surface Modified Hemp Derived Biochar Carbon for Sustainable Packaging Applications

Upcycling of Waste Polymer Using Surface Modified Hemp Derived Biochar Carbon for Sustainable Packaging Applications

Surface Functionality through Periodical Patterning on Carbon Nanotubes

Transformation of Single‐Use Plastics into Lighter Hydrocarbons via an Economical Coal Fly Ash based Zeolite Catalyst

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