Strategies to Prevent and Control the Emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms in Hospitals

Goldmann, Donald A.; Weinstein, Robert A.; Wenzel, R. P.; Tablan, Ofelia C.; Duma, Richard J.; Gaynes, Robert P.; Schlosser, J; Martone, William J.

doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530270074035

Cited by 564 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Clearly, involvement of prescribers is paramount if antibiotic stewardship is to move forward in any meaningful way (18).…”

Section: Pharmacies and Laboratoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimum antibiotic stewardship measures

Gould

2001

Clin Microbiol Infect

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An ESCMID study group on antibiotic policies (ESGAP) was formed in 1998. Several subgroups have been formed to develop key strategy in various aspects of antibiotic stewardship. Sub group III was formed to lead on antibiotic stewardship in European hospitals. This article is a final version of guidelines that have been developed by the group through internet discussion. A provisional version has been posted on the ESGAP section of ESCMID’s website. Some important aspects of community antibiotic use have also been included.

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“…Clearly, involvement of prescribers is paramount if antibiotic stewardship is to move forward in any meaningful way (18).…”

Section: Pharmacies and Laboratoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The public health aspects of antibiotic resistance necessitate that executive responsibility be taken for antibiotic prescribing in future (18). For the doctor making the prescribing decision on any individual patient, it is often difficult to balance the various aspects of the decision making progress.…”

Section: Hospital and Primary Care Executivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum antibiotic stewardship measures

Gould

2001

Clin Microbiol Infect

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“…Reducing the usage of unnecessary antibiotics in hospitals is critical in preventing the emergence of nosocomial pathogens [96]. Knowledge of local bacterial prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns is vital when selecting treatment.…”

Section: Local Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilator‐associated pneumoniaDiagnosis, pathogenesis and prevention

Young¹,

Ridley²

1999

Anaesthesia

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SummaryVentilator-associated pneumonia is common, difficult to diagnose, affects the most vulnerable of patients and carries a high mortality. During prolonged mechanical ventilation the oropharynx, sinuses, dentition and stomach of critically ill patients become colonised with pathogenic bacteria. Colonised secretions pool in the oropharynx and subglottic space. These secretions repeatedly gain access to the lower airways by leakage past the tracheal tube cuff. If host defence mechanisms are overwhelmed, multiplication occurs in the lower respiratory tract producing an inflammatory response in the bronchioles and alveoli. The inflammatory response is characterised by capillary congestion, leucocyte and macrophage infiltration and fibrinous exudation into the alveolar spaces. If this inflammatory response occurs more than 48 h after intubation, it is called ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Prevention depends on reducing upper airway and gastrointestinal reservoirs of bacteria, reducing or abolishing aspiration of these bacteria past the tracheal tube cuff and enhancing bacterial clearance from the lower airways. Despite an increased understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), prevention has remained problematic. There is now good evidence for continuous leakage of infected secretions past the tracheal tube cuff being responsible for VAP. As a result, VAP strikes critically ill patients and increases their morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to discuss the diagnosis and pathogenesis of VAP, including a brief review of natural defence mechanisms. The review also covers the prevention of VAP with special reference to new developments aimed at reducing aspiration past the cuff. Definition

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“…Studies have assured that biomolecules like protein, phenols, flavonoids and some phytochemicals have the ability to reduce the ions to the nanosize and also play an important role in the capping of the nanoparticles for its stability (Vedpriya, 2010). Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), is gaining greater demand due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens (Goldmann et al, 1996). Metallic silver in the form of nanoparticles has made a remarkable response as a potential antimicrobial agent (Chastre, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from the Antimicrobial Crude Extracts of two Brown Seaweeds Against Plant Pathogens

Jothirethinam¹,

Prathiba²,

Shanthi³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Nanotechnology

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This study aimed for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from the antimicrobial crude extracted in chloroform: methanol(1:1 v/v) from the two brown seaweeds Spatoglossum asperum and Hedophyllum sessile active against two pathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and X. oryzae pv. oryzae) and a fungus Ustilaginoidea virens cause diseases in plants under in vitro assay. Crude extracts exhibit high antibacterial activity and low antifungal activity. Green synthesized Ag-NPs showed very high antimicrobial properties on comparing its crude extracts. Among the crudes, extract of Spatoglossum asperum exhibits higher bioactivity than the extract of Hedophyllum sessile but Ag-NPs prepared from the extract of H. sessile possess very strong bioactivity over Ag-NPs of Spatoglossum asperum. Reduction of Ag-NPs was confirmed by UV spectra. FTIR data indicate that active groups related to terpenoids and phenols found in the crude extracts were responsible for the reduction of Ag-NPs. The XRD data showed that the pure three types of crystal silver structure at 2θ values 32.51, 46.50 and 74.62 corresponding to 111, 200 and 220 planes for silver, respectively. This study concludes that chloroform: methanol (1:1 v/v) extracts of Hedophyllum sessile and Spatoglossum asperum containing active groups related to terpenoids and phenols and they are acting as reducing agents for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles which are potential source for controlling the plant pathogens studied.

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Strategies to Prevent and Control the Emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms in Hospitals

Cited by 564 publications

References 79 publications

Minimum antibiotic stewardship measures

Minimum antibiotic stewardship measures

Ventilator‐associated pneumoniaDiagnosis, pathogenesis and prevention

Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from the Antimicrobial Crude Extracts of two Brown Seaweeds Against Plant Pathogens

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