Strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV): a promising cell-free therapy for liver disease

Abstract

Liver disease has emerged as a significant worldwide health challenge due to its diverse causative factors and therapeutic complexities. The majority of liver diseases ultimately progress to end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation remains the only effective therapy with the limitations of donor organ shortage, lifelong immunosuppressants and expensive treatment costs. Numerous pre-clinical studies have revealed that extracellular vesicles released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EV) exhibited considerable potential in treating liver diseases. Although natural MSC-EV has many potential advantages, some characteristics of MSC-EV, such as heterogeneity, uneven therapeutic effect, and rapid clearance in vivo constrain its clinical translation. In recent years, researchers have explored plenty of ways to improve the therapeutic efficacy and rotation rate of MSC-EV in the treatment of liver disease. In this review, we summarized current strategies to enhance the therapeutic potency of MSC-EV, mainly including optimization culture conditions in MSC or modifications of MSC-EV, aiming to facilitate the development and clinical application of MSC-EV in treating liver disease.

Improvement of skin wound healing by giant salamander skin mucus gel wrapped with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via affecting integrin family molecules

“…BMSC can be derived from tissues such as bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, and are capable of differentiating into skin, blood vessels, and adipose tissues. There are no ethical issues associated with their use, and there is minimal immune rejection of allogeneic BMSC transplants [ 10 ]. These characteristics have led to widespread interest in the use of BMSC in wound repair, and it has been used in the repair of trauma, burns, and other skin injuries [ 11 , 12 ].…”