Strategies to Force Flowering of six Herbaceous Garden Perennials

Iversen, Richard R.; Weiler, Thomas C.

doi:10.21273/horttech.4.1.61

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Extended exposure to 5 °C apparently eliminated any subsequent photoperiodic requirement for flowering of L. angustifolia 'Munstead'. A similar response has been found in some other herbaceous perennials (Buxton and Mohr, 1969;Iversen, 1989;Lopes and Weiler, 1977;Shedron, 1980). Forcing temperatures have a significant effect on rates of development in all plants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Cold Treatments, Photoperiod, and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Lavandula angustifolia

Whitman

Heins

Cameron

et al. 1996

HortSci

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The influence of cold treatments and photoperiod on flowering of 8- to 11-node and 18- to 23-node Lavandula angustifolia Mill. `Munstead' plants from 128-cell (10-mL cell volume; P1) and 50-cell (85-mL cell volume; P2) trays, respectively, was determined. Plants were stored at 5 °C for 0, 5, 10, or 15 weeks, then forced under a 9-h photoperiod (SD), or under a 4-h night-interruption (NI) (2200 to 0200 hr) photoperiod at 20 °C. Percentage of plants flowering, time to flower, and plant appearance were evaluated. Increasing duration of cold treatment was associated with an increase in flowering percentage in plants from both cell sizes. More plants flowered under NI than SD except in P2 cooled for 15 weeks, where all plants flowered. Average time to visible bud (VB) and to opening of the first flower (FLW) generally decreased with increasing duration of cold treatment. Inflorescence count in P2 plants increased with increasing duration of cold treatment. To determine the relationship between forcing temperature and time to flower in L. angustifolia `Munstead', three sizes of plants were exposed to 5 °C for 13 weeks and then forced under a 4-h NI (2200 to 0200 hr) at 15, 18, 21, 24, or 27 °C. Plants generally flowered more quickly at higher temperatures, time to FLW decreasing from 77, 71, and 60 days at ≈15.6 °C to 46, 40, and 36 days at ≈26 °C for P1, P2, and 5.5-cm (190-mL pot volume) (P3) plants, respectively. Generally, P1 plants flowered 5 to 10 days later than P2, and P2 flowered 5 to 10 days later than P3.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…require a cold treatment for subsequent flowering, while in others, low temperature hastens or improves uniformity of flowering (Iversen and Weiler, 1994). We have been unable to find information in the literature on the response of L. angustifolia to cold treatments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Cold Treatments, Photoperiod, and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Lavandula angustifolia

Whitman

Heins

Cameron

et al. 1996

HortSci

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“…The environmental requirements for flowering of many herbaceous perennial plants have been evaluated under controlled conditions owing to their economic value in horticulture (Cameron et al 2007). Generally, flower induction varies tremendously within and between species, and coldtemperature exposure can have different and multiple effects (Iversen and Weiler 1994;Whitman et al 1996;Darnell et al 2003). The first cold-temperature effect in some plants may be necessary to reduce growth potential, sending vegetative propagules into endodormancy; in others it may release plants from dormancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of temperature, photoperiod, and vernalization on regrowth and flowering competence inEuphorbia esula(Euphorbiaceae) crown buds

Foley

Anderson

Horvath

2009

Botany

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The herbaceous perennial weed Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae) reproduces by vegetative and sexual means, characteristics that are key to its persistence and survival. In this study, we examined environmental effects on regrowth and flowering under controlled conditions to further validate field observations and set the stage for the future identification of molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these processes. Shoot cuttings were exposed to different combinations of decreasing temperatures, decreasing photoperiods, and vernalization, in growth chambers. Subsequently, shoots were removed and regrowth and flowering from new shoots were monitored in a warm temperature greenhouse under long-day conditions. Vernalization alone has no effect on regrowth and flowering. Plants required decreasing temperature followed by vernalization for rapid regrowth and flowering. Decreasing photoperiod at a constant temperature with or without vernalization had no significant effect on regrowth and flowering. In conjunction with previous field research, the results suggest that a gradually decreasing temperature is required as one of the components for flowering competence and vernalization is determinate for reproductive development under long-day conditions. Résumé : La plante adventice herbacée pérenne Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae) se reproduit par des moyens végétatifs et sexuels, des caractéristiques qui constituent une clé pour sa persistance et sa survie. Les auteurs ont examiné les effets environnementaux sur le bouturage et la floraison sous des conditions contrôlées, pour confirmer les observations de terrain et mettre en place ce qui est requis pour identifier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de ces processus. Ils ont exposé des boutures à différentes combinaisons de températures décroissantes, de photopériodes décroissantes et de vernalisation en chambres de culture. Par après, on a prélevé les tiges et on a suivi leur reprise ainsi que la floraison sur les nouvelles tiges, dans une serre à température chaude sous des conditions de jours longs. La vernalisation à elle seule demeure sans effet sur la floraison. Les plantes nécessitent une température descendante suivie d'une vernalisation pour une reprise rapide avec floraison. Une diminution de la photopériode à température constante avec ou sans vernalisation reste sans effet significatif sur la reprise et la floraison. Avec ceux de recherches antécédentes sur le terrain, ces résultats suggèrent qu'une diminution graduelle de la température est une composante requise pour l'aptitude à fleurir et que la vernalisation est déterminante pour le développement reproductif sous des conditions de jours longs.

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“…Flowering of many herbaceous perennials is influenced by vernalization and photoperiod (Iversen and Weiler, 1994;Runkle et al, 1998;Whitman et al, 1996Whitman et al, ,1997. Vernalization can be defined as the promotion of flower formation by a period of low temperatures, generally between -5 and 15 °C, with a broad optimum between 1 and 7 °C (Lang, 1965).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

Clough¹,

Cameron²,

Heins³

et al. 2001

jashs

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Influences of vernalization duration, photoperiod, forcing temperature, and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on growth and development of Oenothera fruticosa L. `Youngii-lapsley' (`Youngii-lapsley' sundrops) were determined. Young plants were vernalized at 5 °C for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks under a 9-hour photoperiod and subsequently forced in a 20 °C greenhouse under a 16-hour photoperiod. Only one plant in 2 years flowered without vernalization, while all plants flowered after receiving a vernalization treatment, regardless of its duration. Thus, O. fruticosa had a nearly obligate vernalization requirement. Time to visible bud and flower decreased by ≈1 week as vernalization duration increased from 3 to 15 weeks. All plants flowered under 10-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 16-, or 24-hour photoperiods or a 4-hour night interruption (NI) in a 20 °C greenhouse following 15-weeks vernalization at 5 °C. Time to flower decreased by ≈2 weeks, flower number decreased, and plant height increased as photoperiod increased from 10 to 16 hours. Days to flower, number of new nodes, and flower number under 24 hour and NI were similar to that of plants grown under a 16-hour photoperiod. In a separate study, plants were vernalized for 15 weeks and then forced under a 16-h photoperiod at 15.2, 18.2, 20.6, 23.8, 26.8, or 29.8 °C (average daily temperatures). Plants flowered 35 days faster at 29.8 °C but were 18 cm shorter than those grown at 15.2 °C. In addition, plants grown at 29.8 °C produced only one-sixth the number of flowers (with diameters that were 3.0 cm smaller) than plants grown at 15.2 °C. Days to visible bud and flowering were converted to rates, and base temperature (Tb) and thermal time to flowering (degree-days) were calculated as 4.4 °C and 606 °days, respectively. Effects of foliar applications of ancymidol (100 mg·L-1), chlormequat (1500 mg·L-1), paclobutrazol (30 mg·L-1), daminozide (5000 mg·L-1), and uniconazole (15 mg·L-1) were determined on plants vernalized for 19 weeks and then forced at 20 °C under a 16-h photoperiod. Three spray applications of uniconazole reduced plant height at first flower by 31% compared with that of nontreated controls. All other PGRs did not affect plant growth. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat); butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethyl hydrazide) (daminozide); (2R,3R+2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-[1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]) (paclobutrazol); (E)-(S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).

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Strategies to Force Flowering of six Herbaceous Garden Perennials

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Cold Treatments, Photoperiod, and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Lavandula angustifolia

Cold Treatments, Photoperiod, and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Lavandula angustifolia

The effects of temperature, photoperiod, and vernalization on regrowth and flowering competence inEuphorbia esula(Euphorbiaceae) crown buds

Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

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