Strategies on Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapies of the Three Common Cancers

Abstract

The emergence of nanomedicine has enriched the knowledge and strategies of treating diseases, and especially some incurable diseases, such as cancers, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is in the core of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles can be used in drug delivery for improving the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, targeted delivery to a specific site, and drug bioavailability. Early diagnosis and targeted therapies for cancers can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and extend patients’ lives. The advantages of nanoparticles have given them a progressively important role in the nanodiagnosis and nanotherapy of common cancers. To provide a reference for the further application of nanoparticles, this review focuses on the recent development and application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of the three common cancers (lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer) by using quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles.

Organotypic and primary neural cultures as models to assess effects of different gold nanostructures on glia and neurons

“…By coupling AuNP to a pH-sensitive linker, doxorubicin, and a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability peptide (TAT), intravenous administration of the AuNP-drug-peptide structures can cross the BBB and deliver doxorubicin specifically to the low pH environment of brain tumors (Cheng et al, 2014). Another therapeutic approach to destroy brain tumors is to take advantage of the photoexcited heat generation by AuNP to cause photothermal ablation of tumors (Abadeer and Murphy, 2016;Huang et al, 2006;Hussein et al, 2018;Leng et al, 2018;Sung e Schuemann, 2018). Aside from cancer therapy, AuNP have been used in neuroscience to modify neuronal circuitry (Carvalho-F o r P e e r R e v i e w O n l y de-Souza et al, 2015) and for long-term tracking of cell migration (Betzer et al, 2017).…”

Engineered Gold-Based Nanomaterials: Morphologies and Functionalities in Biomedical Applications. A Mini Review

“…This review shows the advantages and disadvantages of the different morphologies, considering the dimension, functionalization and bioapplication. In this regard, in the wide biomedicine field, four main areas of applications are typically identified: therapy, diagnostics, drug/gene delivery, and sensors, as schematically shown in Figure 2 [4,8,10,12,16,17,18,21,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,37,38,39,48,51,53,70,71,72,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,90,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,…”

Application of Green Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

“…Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of a healthy cell that creates genetic abnormalities and alterations which accumulate within cells and tissues, leading to tumorigenesis (the development of cancerous cells) [ 1 ]. Indeed, this disease is a malignant tumor with a high death rate, and millions of people worldwide die each year from various varieties of cancer [ 2 ]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), lung cancer now ranks sixth among the leading causes of death globally [ 3 ].…”

“…Several techniques, including computed tomography (CT), color Doppler ultrasound imaging (CDI), positron emission computed tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tumor biomarkers, are popular methods that have been widely used to detect cancer [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, the low sensitivity and poor accuracy of these techniques restrict their use in early cancer detection [ 2 ]. Overall, diagnosed cancers are treated with seven conventional methods, namely surgery, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and bone marrow transplantation [ 9 ].…”