Strategies of Tuberculosis–HIV Vaccines Design using Immunoinformatic Approach

Abstract

Tuberculosis is amongst the highest cause death worldwide. According to WHO, an estimated of more than a million people fell ill with Tuberculosis (TB) in 2016. The resistances of the M. tuberculosis (MTb) bacteria make drugs, not that useful in battle with TB. Vaccination is a better choice to avoid the worst cases of TB. The resistance possessed by MTb bacteria with some of the drugs reported creates its challenge to reduce the high rate of TB related death. One of the concerns is the high mortality rate due to TB associated with HIV. However, there's still no effective vaccine for Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (TB-HIV). Vaccines for Tuberculosis-HIV even on the way of progress to get the demanding the mutation of the bacteria and challenging scientists to get the right vaccines for this disease. Immunoinformatic is one of the approaches that can speed up the making of the vaccine.

Recent Progress and Challenges for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment

“…The second HDT candidate for DR-TB therapy is everolimus. Everolimus is an inhibitor for the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) serine/threonine kinase signal transduction pathway [ 131 , 132 ]. This pathway regulates growth through the control of most metabolic process related to nutrients and nutrient-induced signals.…”

“…Tuberculosis and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) comorbidity has the potential to accelerate the deterioration of immunological functions, resulting in premature death if untreated. The increased incidence of active TB in HIV-infected individuals can be attributed to at least two mechanisms: the reactivation of latent TB or increased susceptibility to MTB infection [ 131 , 142 ].…”