Strategies for vascularization in kidney organoids

Abstract

The establishment of protocols for differentiating kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has potential for the application of kidney organoids in regenerative medicine. However, the primary obstacle to the regenerative application of hPSC-derived kidney organoids is precise vascularization due to the lack of vasculature in hPSC-derived kidney organoids. In this article, we review the recent methodologies for developing vasculature of kidney organoids to overcome this limitation of kidney organoids, together with a discussion of their clinical applications.