There is still a
lack of available techniques to follow noninvasively
the intracellular processes as well to track or disentangle various
signals from the therapeutic agents at the site of action in the target
cells. We present here the assessment of the intracellular kinetics
of doxorubicin (DOX) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) carriers by mapping
simultaneously fluorescence and photoluminescence signals by fluorescence
lifetime imaging microscopy under two-photon excitation (TPE-FLIM).
The new nano–chemotherapeutic system AuNPs@gelatin–hyd–DOX
has been fabricated by DOX loading onto the surface of gelatin-biosynthesized
AuNPs (AuNPs@gelatin) through a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond. The successful
loading of DOX onto the AuNPs was studied by spectroscopic methods
and steady-state fluorescence, and the nanosystem pH-responsive character
was validated under simulated biological conditions at different pH
values (i.e., pH 4.6, 5.3, and 7.4). Considering that the fluorescence
lifetime of DOX molecules at a specific point in the cell is a reliable
indicator of the discrimination of the different states of the drug
in the internalization path, i.e., released versus loaded, the kinetics
of AuNPs@gelatin–hyd–DOX cellular uptake and DOX release
was compared to that of free DOX, resulting in two different drug
internalization pathways. Finally, cell viability tests were conducted
against NIH:OVCAR-3 cell line to prove the efficiency of our chemotherapeutic
nanosystem. TPE-FLIM technique could be considered promising for noninvasive,
high-resolution imaging of cells with improved capabilities over current
one-photon-excited FLIM.