Strategies for the removal of halides from drinking water sources, and their applicability in disinfection by-product minimisation: A critical review

Abstract

The presence of bromide (Br(-)) and iodide (I(-)) in source waters leads to the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are often more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. The increasing scarcity of water resources in Australia is leading to use of impaired and alternative water supplies with high bromide and iodide levels, which may result in the production of more brominated and iodinated DBPs. This review aims to provide a summary of research into bromide and iodide removal from drinking water sources. Bromide and iodide removal techniques have been broadly classified into three categories, namely; membrane, electrochemical and adsorptive techniques. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and electrodialysis membrane techniques are reviewed. The electrochemical techniques discussed are electrolysis, capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization. Studies on bromide and iodide removal using adsorptive techniques including; layered double hydroxides, impregnated activated carbons, carbon aerogels, ion exchange resins, aluminium coagulation and soils are also assessed. Halide removal techniques have been compared, and areas for future research have been identified.

Inorganic nanolayers: structure, preparation, and biomedical applications

“…However, there are certain issues with respect to these disinfectants, such as the fact that they can form genotoxic and carcinogenic by-products in the presence of organic compounds. 71 Nowadays, scientists are looking for alternative disinfectants. One of the important disinfectants is lysozyme (LYZ), also called muramidase, which can break down the bacterial cell wall, resulting in bacterial eradication.…”

Cycling of iodine by microalgae: Iodine uptake and release by a microalgae biofilm in a groundwater holding pond

“…Australian drinking water standards state that iodide in drinking water should not exceed 0.5 mg L −1 (NHMRC 2011). This guideline means that for a single stage RO process, with typical 85% iodide rejection and 1:3 reject/flux ratio, an iodide content of 2.5 mg L −1 can be problematic as a potable water supply (Watson et al, 2012).…”

Stability of an ultrafiltration system for drinking water treatment, using chlorine for fouling control

“…Furthermore, NOM is a complex matrix of organic chemicals derived from a number of sources such as soil, living organisms and plant detritus. These affect the odor, color and taste of the treated water, form complexes with heavy metals and pesticides, and react with chlorine to form chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) [14]. Pretreatment of raw water has been used as an important means to reduce membrane fouling.…”