Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Halma, Matthew; Plothe, Cristof; Marik, Paul E.; Lawrie, Theresa A

doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0344.v2

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2023

DOI: 10.20944/preprints202303.0344.v2

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Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Matthew Halma¹,

Cristof Plothe²,

Paul E. Marik³

et al.

Abstract: In the wake of the Covid-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, Covid vaccine injury and long Covid, both of which have a significant vascular component. Therefore, the management of these conditions require the development of strategies to prevent or dissolve blood clots and restore circulatory health. This review summarizes the evidence on strategies that can be applied to treat both long and vaccine injuries based on similar mechanisms of action.

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Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Sivaraman,

Pino,

Raussin

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) can accumulate in response to inflammation, metabolic stresses, and other physiological/pathological processes. Herein, we investigated whether spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 induce LDs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). PBMCs or HPMECs were incubated alone or with endotoxin-free recombinant variants of trimeric spike glycoproteins (Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, 12 µg/mL). Afterward, cells were stained with Oil Red O for LDs, cytokine release was determined through ELISA, and the gene expression was analyzed through real-time PCR using TaqMan assays. Our data show that spikes induce LDs in PBMCs but not in HPMECs. In line with this, in PBMCs, spike proteins lower the expression of genes involving lipid metabolism and LD formation, such as SREBF1, HMGCS1, LDLR, and CD36. On the other hand, PBMCs exposed to spikes for 6 or 18 h did not increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNFα release or expression as compared to non-treated controls. Thus, spike-induced LD formation in PBMCs seems to not be related to cell inflammatory activation. Further detailed studies are warranted to investigate in which specific immune cells spikes induce LDs, and what are the pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences of this induction in vivo.

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Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Sivaraman,

Pino,

Raussin

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Cited by 1 publication

References 154 publications

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

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