Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Halma, Matthew; Plothe, Christof; Marik, Paul E.; Lawrie, Theresa A

doi:10.3390/microorganisms11051308

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 327 publications

(241 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Data from our study and other experimental models imply that spikes interfere with lipid metabolism pathways [15,16,47], and this warrants further investigations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…As spike is the most immunogenic of coronaviruses proteins, it is a major focus for vaccine, therapeutic, and diagnostic development. A new study reported that the spike protein interferes with metabolic and autophagic pathways in host cells [15,16], and thus might affect LD formation. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether recombinant trimeric spike glycoproteins can induce LDs in human total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and/or in lung microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Sivaraman,

Pino,

Raussin

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) can accumulate in response to inflammation, metabolic stresses, and other physiological/pathological processes. Herein, we investigated whether spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 induce LDs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). PBMCs or HPMECs were incubated alone or with endotoxin-free recombinant variants of trimeric spike glycoproteins (Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, 12 µg/mL). Afterward, cells were stained with Oil Red O for LDs, cytokine release was determined through ELISA, and the gene expression was analyzed through real-time PCR using TaqMan assays. Our data show that spikes induce LDs in PBMCs but not in HPMECs. In line with this, in PBMCs, spike proteins lower the expression of genes involving lipid metabolism and LD formation, such as SREBF1, HMGCS1, LDLR, and CD36. On the other hand, PBMCs exposed to spikes for 6 or 18 h did not increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNFα release or expression as compared to non-treated controls. Thus, spike-induced LD formation in PBMCs seems to not be related to cell inflammatory activation. Further detailed studies are warranted to investigate in which specific immune cells spikes induce LDs, and what are the pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences of this induction in vivo.

show abstract

“…Data from our study and other experimental models imply that spikes interfere with lipid metabolism pathways [15,16,47], and this warrants further investigations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Sivaraman,

Pino,

Raussin

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Removal of spike protein can be accomplished in part by autophagy [79], which can be upregulated via interventions such as fasting, heat therapy and ozone. Additionally, there are also some specific compounds that may be taken to hasten the removal of spike protein.…”

Section: Autophagy Of Spike Protein and Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of long COVID [230][231][232][233], and multiple agents with a mitochondrial mode-of-action are currently being investigated therapeutically for long COVID [79]. Below, we include several factors known to improve mitochondrial function.…”

Section: Improving Mitochondrial Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Therapeutic Applications of Autophagy in Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Halma,

Marik,

Saleeby

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fasting, a practice with historical roots in various cultures, has recently garnered significant interest in the field of medicine. In this article, we delve into the mechanisms underlying fasting-induced autophagy and its therapeutic applications for spike protein associated pathology. We explore the therapeutic potential of fasting on spike protein-related pathology. Additionally, we discuss factors that affect fasting, such as duration, type (dry vs. water), and the role of specific compounds like spermidine, resveratrol, rapamycin, and metformin. Furthermore, we analyse the interactions between fasting and other practices such as exercise, and highlight important considerations regarding participant characteristics, including pregnancy, breastfeeding, medication interactions, and metabolic disorders. In conclusion, fasting, coupled with an understanding of its nuances, holds promise as a therapeutic intervention with broad implications for human health.

show abstract

“…For example, in the US clinical trials database (clinicaltrials.gov, accessed July 11, 2023) there is currently one study to test treatment of Covid-19 vaccine injury; the study is not yet recruiting and was last updated May 24, 2022. Multiple studies exist to treat long Covid, reviewed in [29]. No large university hospital or academic medical center has published a treatment protocol for vaccine injury, and the current literature is scant [29].…”

Section: Considerations Causationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Rigorous Diagnostics for Vaccine Injury

Halma¹

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Delineating the epidemic of vaccine injury from the coterminous condition long covid is a challenging prospect, but one with many implications not just for treatment, but also has important legal considerations for settlements of vaccine injury. The shared etiological factor of the spike protein in both vaccine injury and long covid make differentiation difficult, and while treatment is largely similar between vaccine injury and long covid, there are important distinctions. Furthermore, diagnostics are important for monitoring treatment progress and assessing the extent of subclinical vaccine injury in population having received a covid-19 vaccine. The development of rigorous diagnostics is an important step towards the recognition of both long covid and vaccine injury, as those suffering these conditions have faced immense challenges in having their conditions recognized, treated, and compensated by insurance companies or national health services.

show abstract

Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Cited by 6 publications

References 327 publications

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Human PBMCs Form Lipid Droplets in Response to Spike Proteins

Exploring Therapeutic Applications of Autophagy in Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Towards Rigorous Diagnostics for Vaccine Injury

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About