Strategies for the management and treatment of coal seam gas associated water

Millar, Graeme J.; Couperthwaite, Sara J.; Moodliar, Cameron D.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.087

Cited by 77 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…In addition to boiler feedwater treatment, IX is used as pretreatment for reverse osmosis to reduce inorganic fouling when treating coal seam gas wastewater [6]. Outside of oil & gas, IX is used in various water treatment applications including dissolved organic carbon removal [7], water softening [8,9], trace metal and nitrate removal [10][11][12] and wastewater treatment to meet effluent discharge [13,14].…”

Section: Steam Is Used In a Variety Of Ways Includingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of new ion exchange resins for hardness removal from boiler feedwater

et al. 2018

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Ion exchange is widely used for the removal of selected ions from water streams. Within oil & gas, one application is boiler feedwater treatment to remove hardness, i.e. calcium and magnesium. Weak acid cation (WAC) resins are typically used and advances in material science, polymer chemistry and manufacturing methods have resulted in new resins being introduced to the market. These new resins can lower operating costs through higher capacity, reduced chemical consumption during regeneration or improved physical properties.In this research, the performance of a WAC resin used for boiler feedwater treatment in oil & gas operations (resin A) was compared with two new commercial resins (resins B & C).The results indicated that resin B had the highest operational capacity in comparison to A & C. During regeneration, resin B was the most efficient with 0.43 meq of calcium and magnesium removed from the feed per meq of HCl consumed during regeneration, slightly higher than resins A & C at 0.38 and 0.30 meq/meq respectively. All three resins demonstrated preferential affinity for calcium over magnesium. As breakthrough approached, previously adsorbed magnesium ions were released back to the water resulting in a spike in effluent magnesium that was ≈3× higher than in the feed stream. In full-scale systems, breakthrough can be determined by measuring only the effluent magnesium concentration which can be more sensitive parameter than total hardness and/or calcium.

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Section: Steam Is Used In a Variety Of Ways Includingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of new ion exchange resins for hardness removal from boiler feedwater

et al. 2018

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“…Unconventional natural gas differs from conventional natural gas in that the latter is trapped in natural pores or fractures in sedimentary layers, while the former can also be adsorbed to the sediment itself. Coal seam gas (CSG), which is also known as coalbed methane, is a type of unconventional natural gas that consists of natural gas that is extracted from low-to high-rank coal beds (Luo et al 2011;Millar et al 2016). The CSG is being extracted in several countries, including the USA, Australia, China, Canada, and India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSG is being extracted in several countries, including the USA, Australia, China, Canada, and India. America is the world's largest CSG producer, and its CSG production was approximately 40 billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2014 (Luo et al 2011;Millar et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Kong

Dong

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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The studies and development of coal seam gas (CSG) have been conducted for more than 30 years in China, but few of China's CSG projects have achieved large-scale commercial success; faced with the boom of shale gas, some investors are beginning to lose patience and confidence in CSG. China currently faces the following question: Should the government continue to vigorously support the development of the CSG industry? To provide a reference for policy makers and investors, this paper calculates the EROI stnd [a standardized energy return on investment (EROI) method], EROI ide (the maximum theoretical EROI), EROI 3,i (EROI considering the energy investment in transport), and EROI 3,1?e (EROI with environmental inputs) of a single vertical CSG well in the Fanzhuang CSG project in the Qinshui Basin. The energy payback time (EPT) and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the CSG systems are also calculated. The results show that over a 15-year lifetime, EROI stnd , EROI ide , EROI 3,1 , and EROI 3,1?e are expected to deliver EROIs of approximately 11:1, 20:1, 7:1, and 6:1, respectively. The EPT within different boundaries is no more than 2 years, and the life-cycle GHG emissions are approximately 18.8 million kg CO 2 equivalent. The relatively high EROI and short EPT indicate that the government should take more positive measures to promote the development of the CSG industry.

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“…In many cases CS water requires treatment prior to beneficial reuse due being incompatible with regulations for irrigation, stock watering and drinking water as examples [86].…”

Section: Desalination Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, electricity costs can be relatively expensive as can be the number of pretreatment methods employed to ensure that RO achieves acceptable water recovery rates [7,87]. Pre-treatment methods prior to the RO membranes include but are not limited to lime softening, coagulation, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, anti-scalants, pH adjustment, ion exchange softening [86]. The objective of the pre-treatment stages is to reduce the incidence of fouling of equipment and membranes by species such as organic material [88], scale forming species such as calcium carbonate [89] and silicates [90].…”

Section: Desalination Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coal Seam Gas Water Quality and Impacts on Downstream Treatment Technologies

Rebello¹

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The coal seam gas (CSG) industry in Australia is of significant importance economically, especially in Queensland where a substantial increase in the amount of gas extracted over the past six years has occurred. CSG formation, relation to local geological features, extraction approach and the potential impact/benefits of coal seam (CS) water has been considered by reviewing the location of CSG wells in relation to each other, the depth of the well in relation to the coal seam with which the CSG is associated, and the quality of the CS water compared with the requirements for each beneficial use application. An outline of the limited current legislative requirements on physical and chemical properties of CS water as regulated by the Queensland Government is provided, as well as the current treatment technologies used by the major CSG companies to ensure compliance with these requirements. Water quality from 150 CSG production wells from the Surat Basin, Queensland has been analysed and compared within and between multiple gas fields in a small geographic area prior to any storage, disposal and treatment. Chemical analysis revealed the CS water to have high bicarbonate, high sodium, and low calcium, low magnesium and very low sulfate concentrations. The chemical analysis also confirmed that the pre-treatment concentration levels of specific parameters such as sodium, chloride, total dissolved solids, and sodium adsorption ratio were above that required for use by agricultural and industrial sectors, therefore requiring treatment prior to use. This study has shown that the amount of each type of mineral that comprises coal, such as clay, sulfide ores, oxide ores, quartz and phosphates, may explain the water quality patterns by assessing the mineral content of the associated CS water in relation to the chemical composition of Surat Basin coal

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Strategies for the management and treatment of coal seam gas associated water

Cited by 77 publications

References 191 publications

Evaluation of new ion exchange resins for hardness removal from boiler feedwater

Evaluation of new ion exchange resins for hardness removal from boiler feedwater

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Coal Seam Gas Water Quality and Impacts on Downstream Treatment Technologies

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