This article provides an up‐to‐date overview of the vigorously growing field of polymers from renewable resources, that is, macromolecular materials derived from the biomass. Three distinct approaches are discussed: (i) the synthesis of polymers already available from fossil resources, but using renewable counterparts, (ii) the exploitation of natural polymers as such, or after specific chemical modifications, and (iii) the use of monomers and polymers from renewable resources for the synthesis of novel macromolecular materials. The first topic deals mostly with polyolefins and polyesters; the second discusses polysaccharides, lignin, and natural rubber; the third covers sugars, furans, terpenes and rosin, diols and diacids, glycerol, plant oils, and poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s.