Strategies for increasing ferrous sulfate efficacy against dollar spot of creeping bentgrass

Abstract

Dollar spot (Clarireedia spp.) is a damaging turfgrass disease. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4 ) suppresses dollar spot with little risk of resistance. Optimizing FeSO 4 applications is crucial for adequate dollar spot suppression. Supplementing FeSO 4 applications with chlorothalonil fungicide could also increase efficacy against dollar spot and longevity of disease suppression. Four experiments were conducted to determine the 1) optimal water carrier volume for FeSO 4 , 2) proper nozzle selection for FeSO 4 applications, 3) most efficacious rate combination of FeSO 4 and chlorothalonil, and 4) longevity of chlorothalonil efficacy when applied in conjunction with FeSO 4 for dollar spot suppression on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). These studies were conducted on either putting greens mown at 3.2 to 6.4 mm or fairways mown at 16.5 mm. The following carrier volumes were tested in Experiment 1: 281, 421, 842 and 1684 L ha -1 . For Experiment 2, Turbo FloodJet (TF), Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI), Air Induction Turbo TwinJet (AITTJ), and Extended Range Flat Fan (XRFF) nozzles were used to determine optimal nozzle type. In Experiment 3, chlorothalonil was applied at 0, 2.28, 4.57, 6.86 and 9.16 kg a.i. ha -1 with or without 48.8 kg ha -1 of FeSO 4 . In Experiment 4, 48.8 kg ha -1 of FeSO 4 was applied biweekly and chlorothalonil was curatively applied at 8.2 kg a.i. ha -1 when infection centers per plot reached 30. Water carrier volume had no effect on dollar spot suppression, the AITTJ and XRFF nozzles provided the greatest disease suppression and turf quality, FeSO 4 reduced effective chlorothalonil rates by up to 68.5% and FeSO 4 increased longevity of chlorothalonil efficacy.

New Insights into the Mechanism of Trichoderma virens-Induced Developmental Effects on Agrostis stolonifera Disease Resistance against Dollar Spot Infection

“…Damage from the disease has a major financial impact and affects the appreciation and playability of turfgrass, in terms of exposed land and weeds. Although integrated approaches, including resistant varieties, cultural practices, and fungicide applications, were effectively applied to control dollar spot under field conditions, frequent fungicides are still popular to manage the disease [5,6]. Repeated use of fungicidal compounds leads to decreased field efficacy of fungicides and the emergence of resistant populations [7,8].…”