Strategies for high‐performance perovskite solar cells from materials, film engineering to carrier dynamics and photon management

Abstract

In recent years, halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) have attracted a great attention due to their superior photoelectric performance and the low‐cost of processing their quality films. In order to commercialize HPSCs, the researchers are focusing on developing high‐performance HPSCs. Many strategies have been reported to increase the power conversion efficiency and the long‐term stability of HPSCs over the past decade. Herein, we review the latest efforts and the chemical‐physical principles for preparing high‐efficiency and long‐term stability HPSCs in particular, concentrating on the perovskite materials, technologies for perovskite films, charge transport materials and ferroelectric effect to reduce the carrier loss, and photon management via plasmonic and upconversion effects. Finally, the key issues for future researches of HPSCs are also discussed with regard to the requirements in practical application.

Observation of Grain Boundary Passivation and Charge Distribution in Perovskite Films Improved with Anti-solvent Treatment

“…This method improves the quality of the morphology of perovskite films, causing the solvents to be quickly extracted from the precursor solutions and resulting in a fast supersaturation of the solute in the precursor film for the perovskite. It promotes the formation of more nuclei and results in a homogeneous perovskite film. , The rate of solvent extraction is accelerated by the hot anti-solvent treatment, and the high temperature may also stimulate the solute atoms to rapidly lower the diffusion energy barrier, resulting in a rapid grain-formation process that produces a more compact film with improved crystallinity. After hot CB treatment, the introduction of PbI 2 phase could form a type II band alignment with the perovskite according to the previous literature. ,, Therefore, the presence of PbI 2 can improve the charge carrier transport at the GBs due to a loss of recombination rate .…”

“…It promotes the formation of more nuclei and results in a homogeneous perovskite film. 43,44 The rate of solvent extraction is accelerated by the hot antisolvent treatment, and the high temperature may also stimulate the solute atoms to rapidly lower the diffusion energy barrier, resulting in a rapid grain-formation process that produces a more compact film with improved crystallinity. After hot CB treatment, the introduction of PbI 2 phase could form a type II band alignment with the perovskite according to the previous literature.…”

Improved Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Using the Multifunctional Additive Au Clusters

“…However, due to the limitations of the perovskite materials themselves, the light absorption capacity is too weak so that many photons cannot be absorbed and a lot of energy is lost. Recently, a photon management method of the plasmonic effect is employed to improve this problem. , Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have fascinating optical properties such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), in which the local field enhancement around metal NPs can increase the photon harvesting in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions in photovoltaic devices. Míguez et al demonstrated that metal NPs with different shapes, sizes, and compositions can all enhance the optical absorption in MAPbI 3 PSCs via the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.…”

“…Recently, a photon management method of the plasmonic effect is employed to improve this problem. 34,35 Similarly, there are many reports that the metal NPs, especially Au NPs, were used to enhance the optical absorption and improve the efficiency in PSCs. 38−41 From the above discussion, passivators and metal NPs are two kinds of additives for PSCs to improve the performance of PSCs, in which one is aimed to reduce the carrier loss by passivating defects and the other is to enhance the optical absorption through converting more photons into electrons.…”

Recent Advances in Energy Storage and Photoelectric Conversion Films

“…In order to improve the energy conversion efficiency and long-term of solar cells, the preparation of high quality and low-cost solar cell thin film has attracted much attention, such as nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) thin film [5], perovskite thin film [6], antimuonium selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) thin film [7] and other films have been widely studied recently. Solution deposition is the main way to obtain high-quality perovskite films.…”