“…Taken together, previous studies indicate that students who are DHH tend to have mathematical difficulties that often start as early as preschool age, increase with age, and persist in adulthood. These difficulties apply to a multitude of mathematical topics, including counting (e.g., Pagliaro and Kritzer, 2013 ), measurement (e.g., Austin, 1975 ; Pagliaro and Kritzer, 2013 ), fractions (e.g., Titus, 1995 ; Bull, 2008 ; Mousley and Kelly, 2018 ), number line estimation (e.g., Bull et al, 2011 ; Bedoya-Ríos and Dorneles, 2021 ), and word problems (e.g., Kelly and Mousley, 2001 ; Nunes and Moreno, 2002 ; Hyde et al, 2003 ; Ansell and Pagliaro, 2006 ; Blatto-Vallee et al, 2007 ). One of the relative strengths of students who are DHH lies in the area of geometry (Pagliaro and Kritzer, 2013 ), which is presumably related to strong visual and spatial skills, wherein students who are DHH are assumed to have an advantage (e.g., visuospatial working memory, Marschark and Knoors, 2012 ).…”