“…For example, both message Cas(A |∼ N a) and Cas(A N a) are expressed by the same notation Cas (A, N a). To minimise the potential for replay attacks where 'similar' messages appear in different parts of a protocol, the messages are modified to make them distinct from one another [6]. For example, Cas(A, N a, 0) and Cas(A, N a, 1) or Cas(A, N a) and Cas(N a, A).…”