Strategie Obronne Roślin Żywicielskich Przed Owadami Roślinożernymi

Abstract

Rośliny przeciwdziałają skutkom ataku roślinożerców za pomocą różnych mechanizmów morfologicznychi biochemicznych. W odpowiedzi na uszkodzenia, rośliny wytwarzają związki obronne, wpływające na żerowanie i zachowanie roślinożerców. Ponadto rośliny uwalniają również VOCs, które przyciągają naturalnych wrogów roślinożerców. Po zasiedleniu roślin przez owady, w dalszym ciągu zachodzą kompleksowe oddziaływania w strategii obronnej roślin przed roślinożercami. Poza emitowaniem VOCs, znaczny wpływ wywierają dodatkowo roślinne allelozwiązki, takie jak związki fenolowe i kwasy hydroksamowe.

Molluscicidal activity of plant alkaloids

“…Due to the growing problems related to the broadly understood invasiveness of snails, the interest of researchers in this topic has increased significantly in recent years (Ke et al, 2017, 2019; Kozłowski, 2017; Li & Zou, 2019). The most molluscicidal alkaloids were obtained from Solanaceae and Papaveraceae families.…”

“…Some varieties of farm plants, such as Majestic and Pentland Falcon potatoes, or numerous varieties of lupins, are characterized by increased resistance to slugs foraging. It depends on the content of secondary metabolites, mainly quinolizidine alkaloids, such as lupanine, sparteine, quinidine, or atropine (Aguiar & Wink, 2005; Kozłowski, 2017; Kozłowski et al, 2013) (Figure 4). One of lysine‐derived alkaloids, virgilin, which also belongs to quinolizidine alkaloids, was isolated from leaves of Calpurnia aurea within the Fabaceae family (Singh et al, 2010).…”

“…A mixture of ornithine‐derived alkaloids found in the roots of Echinops ellenbeckii and E. longisetus showed 100% of molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria pfeifferi , while extracts from leaves, stems, and flowers of this plant had no negative effect on the studied snails (Hymete et al, 2005). According to Kozłowski (2017), quinolizidine alkaloids show a strong deterrent effect. It has been proven, inter alia, by Singh et al (2010), in whose studies virgilin showed medium molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata .…”

“…Also, young parts of plants contain higher levels of alkaloids as protection for developing organs (Hammami et al, 2011; van Dam et al, 1995). In addition, plant varieties containing increased levels of alkaloids, which act as a deterrent to herbivores (including snails), are increasingly used (Kozłowski, 2017). Research shows that the use of alkaloids in plant protection is not only safe but also much more efficient than the commonly used artificial substances, that is, metaldehyde (Bekkouche et al, 2000; Hollingsworth et al, 2002).…”