“…A number of related reasons include the developments in the fields of HRM and IHRM where the present debate is linked to the contribution of the HR function towards organizational performance (e.g., Chow, Teo, & Chew, 2013;Gerrard & Lockett, 2018;Kim & Sung-Choon, 2013;Ma, Long, Zhang, Zhang, & Lam, 2017) (to what extent this is valid for firms operating in the Middle East?) and the convergence-divergence thesis (to what extent HRM in the Middle East is converging-diverging with other parts of the world) respectively; growing interest of businesses, researchers and policy makers in the region as it continues to economically grow amidst of socio-political and security-related developments, some of which are still unfolding; there are regular calls for such analysis for the under-researched parts of the world (e.g., Gao, Zuzul, Jones, & Khanna, 2017); and the influence of the unique socio-cultural and the rapidly changing institutional set-up of the Middle East (e.g., the nationalization programs being pursued dealing with recruitment and development of citizens to increase their employability, thereby reducing the country's dependence on an expatriate workforce) is not yet adequately researched.…”