Strange-face Illusions During Interpersonal-Gazing and Personality Differences of Spirituality

Caputo, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/j.explore.2017.04.019

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These are ambient, structural, or contextual variables that have the capacity to influences a person's perceptions, feelings, and impressions of specific spaces and settings. Jawer et al (2020) discussed several examples relevant to haunt-type experiences, including: (i) affordance, (ii) atmosphere, (iii) ambiguity and threat anticipatory processes, (iv) immersion and presence, (v) legibility, and (vi) percipient memory and associations (e.g., transgenerational, transpersonal, and archetypal memories: Jung, 1979;Caputo, 2017) that can be involved in apparitional/spiritual phenomena and are specifically encoded or contextually re-encoded through haunted, enchanted, and sacred places. These effects might involve, but are not limited to, the discrete physical factors proposed as stimulants of anomalous experiences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there was a suggestive trend (p < 0.07, two-tailed) for the control house (M = 3.57, SD = 3.10) to contain more mirrors than the target house (M = 1.00, SD = 1.41). This finding might seem surprising and counterintuitive, since mirrors and reflective surfaces in general are associated with anomalous experiences (Caputo, 2010a(Caputo, ,b, 2013(Caputo, , 2015(Caputo, , 2016(Caputo, , 2017(Caputo, , 2019Caputo et al, 2012). This correlation offers several interpretations.…”

Section: Embedded (Physical or Static) Cues In The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”

et al. 2020

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This paper contains a narrative overview of the past 20-years of environmental research on anomalous experiences attributed to "haunted house." This exercise served as a much-needed update to an anthology of noteworthy overviews on ghosts, haunts, and poltergeists (Houran and Lange, 2001b). We also considered whether new studies had incorporated certain recommendations made in this anthology. Our search revealed a relative paucity of studies (n = 66) on environmental factors that ostensibly stimulate haunt-type experiences. This literature was diverse and often lacked methodological consistency and adherence to the prior suggestions. However, critical consideration of the content revealed a recurring focus on six ambient variables: embedded (static) cues, lighting levels, air quality, temperature, infrasound, and electromagnetic fields. Their relation to the onset or structure of witness reports showed mostly null, though sometimes inconsistent or weak outcomes. However, such research as related to haunts is arguably in its infancy and new designs are needed to account better for environmental and architectural phenomenology. Future studies should therefore address four areas: (i) more consistent and precise measurements of discrete ambient variables; (ii) the potential role of "Gestalt influences" that involve holistic environmentperson interactions; (iii) individual differences in attentional or perceptual sensitivities of percipients to environmental variables; and (iv) the role of attitudinal and normative influences in the interpretation of environmental stimuli. Focused scrutiny on these issues should clarify the explanatory power of evolutionary-environmental models for these and related anomalous experiences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Embedded (Physical or Static) Cues In The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”

et al. 2020

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“…Two prodromal studies investigated the relationship between SFIs and schizotypal personality traits in healthy adolescents [12,13]. Four studies focussed on associations between SFIs and empathy [14], spirituality [15] and dissociative experiences [16,17]. Five studies used the mirror-gazing task as a method to induce dissociation [18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Fig 1 Prisma Flow Chartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

Mash¹,

Dean²,

Jenkinson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Strange face illusions (SFIs) describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer looks at their image reflected in a mirror (Mirror Gaze Task: MGT) or gazes at another’s face (Inter-personal Gazing Dyad Task: IGDT) in a dimly lit room. The illusory effects range from mild alterations in colour, or contrast, to the perception of distorted facial features, or new faces. The current review critically evaluates studies investigating SFIs, their methodological quality, and existing interpretations. Searches conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and the grey literature up to June 2021 identified 20 studies (N= 874) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., providing new empirical evidence relating to SFIs) . Results are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/ek48d).Pooling data across studies, we report that SFIs are experienced by 67% (95% CI: 55-77) of nonclinical participants. Study quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) and indicated that most studies (85%) were poor-to-fair quality. Study quality was inversely related to prevalence rates, accounting for almost half of the variance in reported SFI rates. We also report that age was positively related to prevalence rates, with more illusions reported by older samples. Our review suggests that the conditions required to induce strange face illusions appear to be reduced light levels, face stimuli and prolonged eye fixation.In conclusion, SFIs commonly occur in both the MGT and the IGDT paradigms. Current psychodynamic interpretations of SFIs as dissociative identities remain largely speculative and further research of higher quality is needed to establish the prevalence and mechanisms of SFIs more firmly.

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“…Nevertheless, repeated testing, in this and other studies, might convey subtle demands for increased reports of AEs that could be investigated in test-retest designs with eye-gazing present vs. absent. Caputo (2017) studied personality traits of spirituality/parapsychology/religion (Spiritual Transcendence Scale, STS, Piedmont, 1999;Paranormal Belief Scale, PBS, Tobacyk, 2004), which were measured before eye-gazing sessions, and quantitative measures of AEs with the SFQ-scale measured after the session. Paranormal beliefs (Tobacyk, 2004) were non-significantly correlated with AEs during mirror-gazing.…”

Section: Eye-to-eye-gazing Technique For Aesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Caputo

Lynn

Houran

2020

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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We critically reviewed the protocols, results, and potential implications from empirical studies ( n = 44) on mirror-gazing (including the “psychomanteum”) and eye-to-eye gazing, both in healthy individuals and clinical patients, including studies of hypnotic mirrored self-misidentification, mirror-gazing in body dysmorphic disorder and schizophrenia. We found these methods to be effective for eliciting altered states or anomalous experiences under controlled conditions and in non-clinical samples. Mirror-gazing and eye-to-eye-gazing produced anomalous experiences almost exclusively in the visual, bodily, and self-identity modalities, whereas psychomanteum experiences tended also to involve voices, smells, and bodily touches. The complexity, diversity, and specificity in contents across these anomalous experiences suggest mechanisms beyond perceptual distortions or illusions. We argue that mirror- and eye-gazing anomalous perceptions implicate different mechanisms that induce (i) Derealization (anomalous perceptions of external reality); (ii) Depersonalization (anomalous perceptions of the body), and (iii) Dissociated identity (anomalous perceptions of another identity in place of the self in mirror-gazing or in place of the other in eye-to-eye gazing). These interpretations suggest directions for future researches.

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Strange-face Illusions During Interpersonal-Gazing and Personality Differences of Spirituality

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”

Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

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