“…The first breakthrough to predict biaxial limit strains in sheet metals comes from Marciniak and Kuczynski [10] who postulate the existence of an initial imperfection on the sheet surface (known as the M-K groove) that has become the cornerstone of many subsequent theories in the prediction of limit strain based on a macroscopic yield criteria with various modifications [11,12] or a crystallographic yield locus [13] obtained from the crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF). The value of the groove depth (i.e., the size of the thickness defect) that must be chosen in the M-K model to match the experimental limit strain is so large that it is unlikely to exist [14,15].…”
“…The first breakthrough to predict biaxial limit strains in sheet metals comes from Marciniak and Kuczynski [10] who postulate the existence of an initial imperfection on the sheet surface (known as the M-K groove) that has become the cornerstone of many subsequent theories in the prediction of limit strain based on a macroscopic yield criteria with various modifications [11,12] or a crystallographic yield locus [13] obtained from the crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF). The value of the groove depth (i.e., the size of the thickness defect) that must be chosen in the M-K model to match the experimental limit strain is so large that it is unlikely to exist [14,15].…”
“…The effect of initial thickness heterogeneity, co-efficient of anisotropy (R), strain hardening exponent (n), initial strain hardening (" 0 ), and de-cohesion strain (" f ) on the forming limit was studied by Marciniak and Kuczynski, 39 while the influence of strain rate sensitivity (m), normal anisotropy, and fracture strain on FLC was analyzed by Marciniak et al 40 Bate and Wilson studied the influence of interacting axi-symmetric defects in work-hardening sheet material on the strain localization during forming using finite element analysis. 41 The effect of shape and distribution of defects on the FLCs was predicted. It was pointed out that the defect severity required in the case of long infinite groove and finite groove was very different.…”
Section: Application Of Computations In Materials Formingmentioning
The main aim of the review is to address the importance of computations in the analyses of manufacturing processes during efficient materials design, tool design, and process design. Initially, the evolution of computations in manufacturing industries is highlighted. The applications of different computational approaches like numerical simulations, analytical modeling, soft computing, etc. in solving metal forming and joining problems are presented. Though there are several manufacturing processes, metal forming and joining applications are included in the present work. The later part of the review is about green manufacturing and sustainability, their relation with computations and manufacturing education. The green manufacturing and sustainability practices in different industries/fields (like automotive, machining, steel, food processing, computers, electronics) are tabulated. The significance of computations in green manufacturing and sustainability issues are described with a few examples from available literature. The last part of the work is about improving the awareness of green and sustainability concepts through manufacturing education. In this, the possible ways of modifying the present course content of ‘manufacturing technology’ in under-graduate education are suggested, by giving importance to green and sustainability concepts. The role of computations in manufacturing education is summarized finally.
“…The criteria discussed above have been coupled to Finite Element Analyses (FEA) in order to evaluate numerically the formability of metals (Davis, 1963;Takuda et al, 1997;Takuda et al, 1999;Parmar and Mellor, 1978;Bate and Wilson, 1984). The damage at each point of the material can be calculated along the full processing path, and one can follow the regions where critical levels of damage are reached, according to the various criteria.…”
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