Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber

Zhu, Yinian; Shum, Ping; Bay, Hui-Wen; Yan, Min; Yu, Xin; Hu, Juguang; Hao, Jianzhong; Lu, Chao

doi:10.1364/ol.30.000367

Cited by 92 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In contrast, another LPFG without geometrical deformation and fiber elongation was written in an endlessly single-mode PCF by periodic stress relaxation resulting from CO 2 laser irradiation. 89 Moreover, a LPFG pair has been successfully created in a pure-silica PCF with a CO 2 laser to develop a stain sensor. 90 A novel coupled local-mode theory could be used to model and analyze this type of PCF-based LPFGs with periodic collapses of air holes.…”

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental investigations show that mode coupling in the CO 2 -laser-induced LPFGs, 89,131 especially the CO 2 -laser-carved LPFGs with periodic grooves, 23,63 can be greatly enhanced by applying an suitable external stretching force to the LPFGs after writing gratings. For example, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Applying Tensile Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,89 Therefore, the CO 2 -laser-induced LPFGs are excellent temperature sensing elements, especially high temperature sensors. In contrast, the sensors employing a UV-laser-induced grating usually have to work under a temperature of about 300°C.…”

Section: A Temperature Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperature sensitivities of resonance wavelength of LPFGs depend strongly on the types of the fibers employed and fabrication techniques. 7 For example, temperature sensitivities of 58 pm/°C, 10.9 pm/°C, and 2.9 pm/°C were demonstrated in the CO 2 -laser-induced LPFGs written in a conventional glass fiber, 21 a solid-core PCF, 89 and an air-core PBF, 26 respectively. Especially, the resonance wavelength of the LPFG written in a solid-core PCF has a very low strain sensitivity of −0.192 pm/ , 89 thus solving the cross-sensitivity problem between temperature and strain in sensing applications.…”

Section: A Temperature Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applying Tensile Strainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Temperature Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Temperature Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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“…To demonstrate proof of concept, we use localized temperature-induced index changes to write a series of long period gratings (LPGs) into the LCOF. LPGs are of great interest for the development of in-fiber notch filters [13], optical fiber sensors [14] and spatial mode converters [15], and a variety of fabrication methods exist for their inscription into solid fibers such as UV radiation, stress, and/or structural-induced index changes [13,[16][17][18][19]. However, the reconfigurability of these permanently inscribed gratings is inherently quite limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmable long-period grating in a liquid core optical fiber

Jung

Xiao

et al. 2016

Opt. Lett.

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A programmable fiber long period grating (LPG) is experimentally demonstrated in a liquid core optical fiber with a low insertion loss. The LPG is dynamically formed by a temperature gradient in real-time through a micro-heater array. The transmission spectrum of the LPG can be completely reconfigured by digitally changing the grating period, index contrast, length and design. The phase-shift inside the LPG can also be readily defined to enable advanced spectrum shaping. Owing to the high thermo-optic coefficient of the liquid core, it is possible to achieve high coupling efficiencies with driving powers as low as a few tens of milliwatts. The proposed thermo-programmable device provides a potential design solution for dynamic all-fiber optics components. © Reconfigurable optical devices that can respond dynamically to variable demands are required for the development of efficient and flexible all-fiber systems. Although silica fibers are an excellent platform for low loss waveguiding, they are somewhat limited in terms of their functionality owing to their low linear, nonlinear and thermal optical coefficients, for example. Therefore, in order to introduce some reconfigurable behavior into these fibers they are often infiltrated with materials that have tunable optical properties such as polymers [1], liquids [2], liquid crystals [3] and gases [4]. Of these hybrid-material structures liquid-filled optical fibers have been the most widely investigated owing to the relative ease of fabrication, but also because there is a long list of liquids that offer many useful properties for photonics applications including low loss, broadband transmission windows [5]. As a result, there have been a number of important device demonstrations in liquid-filled fibers in areas ranging from supercontinuum generation [6] to sensing [7,8] and lasing [9].A popular approach to introduce dynamic tunability into these hybrid fibers is to use a liquid with high thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) [10], so that the device properties can be altered with relatively minor temperature changes. Thus the energy requirements for temperature tuning are typically much lower than alternative methods, such as electro-optic modification where high driving voltages are usually required [11,12]. However, as of to date, temperature tuning of the liquid-filled fibers has been limited to adjusting the operation wavelength and not the device function [2,7,8]. Clearly the ability to introduce localized temperature gradients along the length of the liquid core that would allow for reconfiguration of the device function would greatly expand the application potential of these fibers.In this Letter, we present a new type of completely programmable liquid core optical fiber (LCOF) device where the optical functionality is imprinted onto the core using a microheater array (MHA). To demonstrate proof of concept, we use localized temperature-induced index changes to write a series of long period gratings (LPGs) into the LCOF. LPGs are of great interest for the develo...

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Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth

Bai

Zhou

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

347

193

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Optical sensors are widely used for refractive index measurement in chemical, biomedical and food processing industries. Due to specific field distribution of the resonances excited, optical sensors provide high sensitivity to ambient refractive index variations. The sensitivity of optical sensor is highly dependent on material and structure of the sensor. Here, we review six major categories of optical refractive index sensors using plasmonic and photonic structures: (i) metal-based propagating plasmonic eigenwave structures, (ii) metal-based localized plasmonic eigenmode structures, (iii) dielectric-based propagating photonic eigenwave structures, (iv) dielectric-based localized photonic eigenmode structures, (v) advanced hybrid structures, and (vi) 2D material integrated structures. Representative configurations working in the wavelength range of 400−2000 nm will be selected and compared in terms of bulk refractive index sensitivities, figure of merits and working wavelengths. A technology map is established in order to define the standard and development trend for optical refractive index sensors.

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Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber

Cited by 92 publications

References 11 publications

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Programmable long-period grating in a liquid core optical fiber

Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth

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