Strain Gradients Correlate with Sites of Exercise-Induced Bone-Forming Surfaces in the Adult Skeleton

Judex, Stefan; Gross, Ted S.; Zernicke, Ronald F.

doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.10.1737

Cited by 197 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…From the investigated bones, the radius is exposed to rather simple loading under bending (Mason et al, 1995). Major variations in circumferential strain gradients have been measured in radii of adult roosters (Judex et al, 1997). This would imply that a great variation in osteon arrangement would be expected to be seen in different anatomical locations of the radius.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

Shahar

Lukas

Papo

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The blood supply of bone cells in compact bone is provided primarily by blood vessels located within Haversian canals forming the centre of osteons. Mid-diaphysial cross-sections of radii and third metacarpal bones from two horses and radii from two mature dogs were studied using reflective light microscopy to quantify the spatial ordering of canals and compared to a computational model. The distributions of canals were analyzed using: 1) the autocorrelation function (ACF), which describes the probability of finding two canals separated by a given distance and 2) the shortest distance distribution (SDD), which describes the probability that a site within bone is located at a given distance from the nearest canal. The order in the investigated horse radii, as characterized by the oscillations of the ACF, was found to be independent of the anatomical location although, in the metacarpal bone the order was higher in the lateral than in the cranial location. Among the dogs, marked differences were only found in the ACF. An analysis of the SDD demonstrates that ordering of canals minimizes the distance of osteocytes from a blood vessel. This suggests that the efficiency of the blood supply can be adapted through differences in the order of the Haversian canals. In our model, the ordering of canals is achieved via an exclusion zone around each canal, imposed upon newly formed osteons. Simulations demonstrate that differences in the observed order can be explained by either a larger size or a larger variability of this exclusion zone. Anat Rec, 294:1093Rec, 294: -1102Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

Shahar

Lukas

Papo

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…While strain magnitude (Cullen et al, 2001;Mosley et al, 1997;Rubin and Lanyon, 1985) and frequency (Hsieh et al, 2001;Turner et al, 1995a;Warden and Turner, 2004) have been shown to influence osteogenesis, recent studies have demonstrated that cortical bone response to load is also influenced by other factors, such as the rate at which strains are applied (Burr et al, 2002;Judex and Zernicke, 2000b;Mosley and Lanyon, 1998;Turner et al, 1995a), the number of loading cycles (Forwood and Turner, 1994;Robling et al, 2002a;Turner and Villanueva, 1994), the distribution and gradient of applied strains (Judex et al, 1997) and periods of rest between loading bouts (Robling et al, 2000;Robling et al, 2002a,b). These studies suggest types of stimuli that may more dramatically alter the bone at the sites of muscle attachment than those induced in the present study.…”

Section: Stimulus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of endurance exercise on the morphology of muscle attachment sites

Zumwalt

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

136

188

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SUMMARY The morphology of muscle attachment sites, or entheses, has long been assumed to directly reflect in vivo muscle activity. The purpose of this study is to examine whether variations in muscle activity that are within normal physiological limits are reflected in variations in external attachment site morphology. This study tests the hypothesis that increased muscle activity (magnitude, number and frequency of loading cycles) results in the hypertrophy of muscle attachment sites. The attachment sites of six limb muscles and one muscle of mastication (control) in mature female sheep were measured and compared in exercised (weighted treadmill running for 1 h per day for 90 days) and sedentary control animals. Attachment site surface morphology was assessed by quantifying the size (3D surface area) and complexity (fractal dimension parallel and perpendicular to soft tissue attachment) of the surfaces. The results of this study demonstrate no effect of the exercise treatment used in this experiment on any measure of enthesis morphology. Potential explanations for the lack of exercise response include the mature age of the animals, inappropriate stimulus type for inducing morphological change, or failure to surpass a hypothetical threshold of load for inducing morphological change. However, further tests also demonstrate no relationship between muscle size and either attachment site size or complexity in sedentary control animals. The results of this study indicate that the attachment site morphological parameters measured in this study do not reflect muscle size or activity. In spite of decades of assumption otherwise, there appears to be no direct causal relationship between muscle size or activity and attachment site morphology, and reconstructions of behavior based on these features should be viewed with caution.

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“…They include shear, strain gradients (Frost, 1993;Gross et al, 1979;Judex et al, 1997), and strain rates, frequencies and repetitions, and other things too (Evans, 1957;Lanyon, 1996;Martin et al, 1998;Mosely and Lanyon, 1988;O'Connor et al, 1982;Rubin and McLeod, 1995). Until those things are resolved, longitudinal strains can provide reliable indicators of the loads on bones.…”

Section: Conclusion Three Caveatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Wolff's law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications

2001

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Efforts to understand our anatomy and physiology can involve four often overlapping phases. We study what occurs, then how, then ask why, and then seek clinical applications. In that regard, in 1960 views, bone's effector cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) worked chiefly to maintain homeostasis under the control of nonmechanical agents, and that physiology had little to do with anatomy, biomechanics, tissue-level things, muscle, and other clinical applications. But it seems later-discovered tissue-level mechanisms and functions (including biomechanical ones, plus muscle) are the true key players in bone physiology, and homeostasis ranks below the mechanical functions. Adding that information to earlier views led to the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology that combines varied anatomical, clinical, pathological, and basic science evidence and ideas. While it explains in a general way how strong muscles make strong bones and chronically weak muscles make weak ones, and while many anatomists know about the physiology that fact depends on, poor interdisciplinary communication left people in many other specialties unaware of it and its applications. Those applications concern 1.) healing of fractures, osteotomies, and arthrodeses; 2.) criteria that distinguish mechanically competent from incompetent bones; 3.) design criteria that should let load-bearing implants endure; 4.) how to increase bone strength during growth, and how to maintain it afterwards on earth and in microgravity situations in space; 5.) how and why healthy women only lose bone next to marrow during menopause; 6.) why normal bone functions can cause osteopenias; 7.) why whole-bone strength and bone health are different matters; 8.) why falls can cause metaphyseal and diaphyseal fractures of the radius in children, but mainly metaphyseal fractures of that bone in aged adults; 9.) which methods could best evaluate whole-bone strength, "osteopenias" and "osteoporoses"; 10.) and why most "osteoporoses" should not have bone-genetic causes and some could have extraosseous genetic causes. Clinical specialties that currently require this information include orthopaedics, endocrinology, radiology, rheumatology, pediatrics, neurology, nutrition, dentistry, and physical, space and sports medicine. Basic science specialties include absorptiometry, anatomy, anthropology, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics, genetics, histology, pathology, pharmacology, and cell and molecular biology. This article reviews our present general understanding of this new bone physiology and some of its clinical applications and implications. It must leave to other times, places, and people the resolution of questions about that new physiology, and to understand the many devils that should lie in its details. (Thompson D'Arcy, 1917). Anat Rec 262: 2001.

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Strain Gradients Correlate with Sites of Exercise-Induced Bone-Forming Surfaces in the Adult Skeleton

Cited by 197 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

The effect of endurance exercise on the morphology of muscle attachment sites

From Wolff's law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications

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