Strain energy based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments

Jafarian, Yaser; Towhata, Ikuo; Baziar, Mohammad Hassan; Noorzad, Ali; Bahmanpour, Amin

doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.11.006

Cited by 96 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A decrease in the excess pore water pressure under higher relative density condition can be seen. Baziar and Sharafi (2011) and Jafarian et al (2012) showed the same result. …”

Section: Effect Of Relative Density and Accumulated Shear Strain Durisupporting

confidence: 58%

Effects of relative density and accumulated shear strain on post-liquefaction residual deformation

Kim

Kazama

Kwon

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The damage caused by liquefaction, which occurs following an earthquake, is usually because of settlement and lateral spreading. Generally, the evaluation of liquefaction has been centered on settlement, that is, residual volumetric strain. However, in actual soil, residual shear and residual volumetric deformations occur simultaneously after an earthquake. Therefore, the simultaneous evaluation of the two phenomena and the clarification of their relationship are likely to evaluate post-liquefaction soil behaviors more accurately. Hence, a quantitative evaluation of postliquefaction damage will also be possible. In this study, the effects of relative density and accumulated shear strain on post-liquefaction residual deformations were reviewed through a series of lateral constrained-control hollow cylindrical torsion tests under undrained conditions. In order to identify the relationship between residual shear and residual volumetric strains, this study proposed a new test method that integrates monotonic loading after cyclic loading, and K 0 -drain after cyclic loading -in other words, the combination of cyclic loading, monotonic loading, and the K 0 drain. In addition, a control that maintained the lateral constrained condition across all the processes of consolidation, cyclic loading, monotonic loading, and drainage was used to reproduce the anisotropy of in situ ground. This lateral constrain control was performed by controlling the axial strain, based on the assumption that under undrained conditions, axial and lateral strains occur simultaneously, and unless axial strain occurs, lateral strain does not occur. The test results confirmed that the recovery of effective stresses, which occur during monotonic loading and drainage after cyclic loading, respectively, result from mutually different structural restoration characteristics. In addition, in the ranges of 40-60 % relative density and 50-100 % accumulated shear strain, relative density was found to have greater effects than the number of cycles (accumulated shear strain).

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“…A decrease in the excess pore water pressure under higher relative density condition can be seen. Baziar and Sharafi (2011) and Jafarian et al (2012) showed the same result. …”

Section: Effect Of Relative Density and Accumulated Shear Strain Durisupporting

confidence: 58%

Effects of relative density and accumulated shear strain on post-liquefaction residual deformation

Kim

Kazama

Kwon

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…This silica sand, which is classi ed as SP in the USCS, is a commercial arti cially crushed sand with sub-angular to angular grains and is completely well-known and documented in the academic research of Iran (e.g., [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]). Physical properties of the base soil are presented in Table 1 and the grain size distribution curve is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies mostly focus on the rotation of principal stresses ( parameter) and intermediate principal stress parameter (b) (e.g. Vaid et al [17], Yoshimine et al [18], Yang et al [19], Bahadori et al [20], Kumruzzaman and Yin [21], Sivathayalan et al [22], Baziar and Shara [23], Baziar et al [24], Jafarian et al [25], and Keyhani and Haeri [26]). Considering that the studies on cemented sands have mostly been limited to triaxial and direct shear devices, evaluation of the arti cially cemented sand behavior in more sophisticated apparatuses, such as HCA, capable of simulating anisotropy in a wide range of values would be signi cant as it demonstrates the e ect of added cement on the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the base soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specimen Preparation Methods for Artificially Cemented Sand in Simple Shear and Hollow Cylinder Apparatuses

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Portland cement can be mixed with sand to improve its mechanical characteristics. Considering the inherent anisotropy of most sands, it is not clear whether the added cement shall contribute to equal increases in strength and sti ness in vertical and horizontal directions or not. Literature review reveals that all the previous experimental studies on the cement-treated soil topics are limited to conventional triaxial device test results. The e ect of cement addition to clean sand in more sophisticated stress-path controlled devices like \Simple Shear Apparatus" (SSA) and \Hollow Cylinder Apparatus" (HCA) for simulating more realistic loading conditions, such as earthquake, have not been investigated yet. This paper presents innovative methods for testing arti cially cemented sands through making modi cations to the loading platens, specimen molds, and specimen preparation methods of SSA and HCA. Undrained tests under di erent monotonic stress paths were carried out on di erent mixtures of Portland cement with clean sand to investigate the e ect of principal stress rotations. The test results revealed that the cement mixture reduces the anisotropy, while it improves the mixture mechanical properties compared to the compacted uncemented sand.

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“…Lenart (2008), Jafarian et al (2012) and Green et al (2000) assessed strain energy-based excess pore pressure generation by considering strain-stress relationship. Lee and Sheu (2007) proposed stiffness degradation model which depends on cyclic strain history under cyclic straining.…”

Section: Pore Pressure Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seed et al (1976) and Lee and Albaisa (1974) used clean sand to study liquefaction, and to develop a pore pressure model based on the number of cyclic loads. Yamazaki et al (1985), Sugano and Yanagisawa (1992) and Jafarian et al (2012) used Toyoura silica sand to derived pore pressure models based on the strain energy concept, using a variety of laboratory tests. Work on the behaviour of pumice during dynamic load has been reported by Marks et al (1998) and Orense and Pender (2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the initiation mechanism of an earthquake- induced landslide during rainfall: a case study of the Tandikat landslide, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Faris

Wang

2014

GEOENVIRON DISASTERS

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Background: A large earthquake struck Padang Province, West Sumatra, Indonesia, at 17:16 on September 30, 2009. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of Mw 7.6, and triggered landslides in Tandikat, Padang Pariaman Regency. The landslides occurred during rainfall, and originated on mountains mantled with loose pumice, taking many lives. The unfortunate combination of intensive rainfall and strong earthquake probably decreased slope stability. This study seeks to examine the initiation mechanism of earthquake-induced landslides during rainfall, and to develop a new approach to predict pore pressure increase by assuming reciprocal relationships between strain, stiffness, and pore pressure. Results: In order to assess slope stability, the concept of stiffness degradation was used to predict pore pressure increase due to earthquake. This was achieved by developing empirical formulation based on cyclic triaxial test results. A new procedure based on the "rigid block on quasi plastic layer" assumption was developed to assess slope stability of earthquake-induced landslides during heavy rainfall. Results from cyclic triaxial test experiments showed that effective confining pressure and initial shear stress had considerable influence on increase in pore pressure. Slope stability analysis using actual earthquake acceleration suggest that landslide occurred due to pore pressure build up and the factor of safety decreased rapidly before earthquake acceleration reached its peak.

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Strain energy based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments

Cited by 96 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of relative density and accumulated shear strain on post-liquefaction residual deformation

Effects of relative density and accumulated shear strain on post-liquefaction residual deformation

Specimen Preparation Methods for Artificially Cemented Sand in Simple Shear and Hollow Cylinder Apparatuses

Investigation of the initiation mechanism of an earthquake- induced landslide during rainfall: a case study of the Tandikat landslide, West Sumatra, Indonesia

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