Strain Energy as a Criterion for Stress Softening in Carbon-Black-Filled Vulcanizates

Dánnenberg, E. M.; Brennan, J. J.

doi:10.5254/1.3544867

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3 shows that the amount 40 phr of carbon-black within this SBR stands for the percolation threshold measurable by our instruments. in accordance with results from [5]. Swelling tests completed on virgin and pre-stretched samples of unfilled SBR evidence similar rubber matrix damage whereas the unfilled SBR does not show any Mullins softening (Fig.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Assuming that the material softening is due to damage within the rubber matrix, the average molecular weight of the network chains, characterized by swelling tests, should increase significantly. Yet, according to [5,6] rather small changes are observed by swelling. Electrical conductivity experiments [7] have shown the fracture of the filler network upon mechanical stretching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. A 40 phr carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubber has been submitted to several experiments in order to identify the physical damage responsible for the mechanical softening recorded upon first stretch. Damage in the rubber matrix was determined by swelling. The filler structure alteration was monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Both damages are shown to be of minor importance compared to the substantial mechanical softening undergone by the material. Degradation at the rubber-filler interface may be recovered by exposing the material at high temperatures in vacuo.The chain mobility in such storage conditions promotes free chain adsorption at the filler surface. The existence of a layer of polymer whose movements are hindered adds to the filler reinforcement and its desorption creates Mullins softening.

show abstract

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The above results can be explained as follows: In pure PU fi ber, the loss of fi brillar and lamellar orientation, [ 36 ] the irreversible deformations during loading, [ 36,52,53 ] and the slippage of polymer chains in hard segment domains [ 54 ] could account for the observed hysteresis and permanent set. The partial reconstruction of hard segment domains through the formation of new cross-links between polymer chains [ 38,55 ] could explain the stress softening.…”

Section: Elastic Recovery Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Seyedin

Razal

Innis

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

252

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2957www.MaterialsViews.com wileyonlinelibrary.com response to be measurable in a wide range of applied strain. In practical situations, the applied strains can be as small as less than a few percent or as large as tens to hundreds of percent. Some applications where small strains are important are damage detection, structural characterisation, and fatigue studies in materials, [24][25][26] while applications such as body movement measurement, [ 16,20 ] medical monitoring, [ 18,19,27 ] and sports rehabilitation and injury prevention [ 21,28 ] require large strains sensing. This work reports for the fi rst time, the production of elastomeric composite fi bers with high electrical conductivity that are capable of monitoring wide range of applied strains (up to 260%) and can therefore be useful in applications such as strain gauge sensors in wearable bionics and stretchable electronics. The fi ber wet-spinning approach that we have developed effi ciently exploits the high stretchability of a medical grade elastomeric polyurethane (PU) and the high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS.This work contributes to the relatively unexplored production of conductive and elastomeric composite fi bers. The lack of progress in this fi eld can be attributed to the limited development of elastomeric composite formulations that contain welldispersed conducting fi llers, which are also processable by fi ber wet-spinning methods. In the limited cases where conductive fi llers such as polyaniline, [ 29 ] polythiophene [ 30 ] and carbon nanotubes [ 31 ] were utilized in the wet-spinning of conducting fi ber composites, the observed change in the electrical properties have only been marginal at large deformations. These reports also show that signifi cant amount of fi ller loading is necessary to achieve percolation of conducting networks, which was found to be detrimental to the overall mechanical properties of the composite. The most common alternative approach to produce fi bers with both elastic and conductive properties is by coating the elastomeric fi ber (some reports use yarn or textile) with a thin layer of the conducting material. This approach has been used for conductor/elastomer combinations such as polypyrrole on Tactel/Lycra [ 32 ] and nylon/Lycra [ 21 ] fabrics and PEDOT:PSS on Spandex fabric [ 23 ] to name a few, employing methods such as oxidative chemical polymerization, in situ chemical polymerization, chemical vapor deposition, and dip-coating. However, the conductive coatings produced often have poor adhesion and are less stretchy than the parent elastomer fi ber resulting in poor overall electrical and mechanical performance. [ 21,23,32 ] The surface and mechanical property mismatch between the conductive Strain-Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical ConductivityMohammad Ziabari Seyedin , Joselito M. Razal , * Peter C. Innis , and Gordon G. Wallace * It is a challenge to retain the high stretchability of an elastomer when used in polymer composites. Likewise, the high conductivit...

show abstract

“…Several interpretations have been proposed to explain the stress-softening of rubbers from breakage of both the filler clusters and the rubber-to-filler bonds, chain slippage process onto the filler surface, strain amplification to chain disentanglements [44,51,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]. But despite the numerous studies devoted to an understanding of the Mullins effect, there is still no general agreeement on the origin of this effect probably because it may arise from different phenomena depending on the characteristics of the polymer-filler system.…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Bokobza¹

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Carbon nanostructures including carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite or graphene have attracted a tremendous interest as fillers for elastomeric compounds. The preparation methods of nanocomposites that have a strong impact on the state of filler dispersion and thus on the properties of the resulting composites, are briefly described. At a same filler loading, considerable improvement in stiffness is imparted to the host polymeric matrix by the carbon nanomaterials with regard to that provided by the conventional carbon black particles. It is mainly attributed to the high aspect ratio of the nanostructures rather than to strong polymer-filler interactions. The orienting capability of the anisotropic fillers under strain as well the formation of a filler network, have to be taken into account to explain the high level of reinforcements. A comparison of the efficiency of the different carbon nanostructures is carried out through their mechanical and electrical properties but no clear picture can be obtained since the composite properties are strongly affected by the state of filler dispersion.

show abstract

Strain Energy as a Criterion for Stress Softening in Carbon-Black-Filled Vulcanizates

Cited by 61 publications

References 0 publications

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Strain‐Responsive Polyurethane/PEDOT:PSS Elastomeric Composite Fibers with High Electrical Conductivity

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastomer Nanocomposites Based on Different Carbon Nanomaterials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About