The Philippines are at the forefront of climate change impacts, including those related to health, and well-being, but information on mental health and well-being are typically underreported. To help address this research lacuna, we conducted a systematic literature review. We aimed to provide an overview of current research knowledge and research gaps regarding the impacts of climate change outcomes on Filipinos’ mental health and well-being. Consulting 8 databases, we identified 951 records. The final analysis included 32 studies: 15 quantitative, 11 qualitative, 2 longitudinal, 2 experimental, as well as 1 published report, and 1 literature review. A narrative synthesis has been performed to synthesize the findings from included studies. Studies were presented in four sections: 1) Risks to mental health following a natural disaster, 2) Determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder risks, 3) Resilience and post-traumatic growth following natural disasters, and 4) Personal experiences and other mental health outcomes. Reviewed data show that climate change outcomes strongly and negatively impact Filippino’s mental health and well-being. Climate change outcomes also, negatively affect mental health through indirect (e.g., sleep disorders) and long-term pathways for example by being exposed to stressors such as migration, conflict, and violence. A set of coping strategies were identified which include banding together, mobilizing health experts, expanding the local relationships with health workers. Finally, a set of recommendations have been proposed to help the Philippines build a climate-resilient public mental health.