Storage of High-Strength Steel Flux-Cored Welding Wires in Urbanized Areas

Wolski, Adrian; Świerczyńska, Aleksandra; Lentka, Grzegorz; Fydrych, Dariusz

doi:10.1007/s40684-023-00527-2

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The average hydrogen levels were 38.6 ml/100g and 84.5 ml/100g for air and water, respectively, and these are consistent with literature data for welding with rutile covered electrodes [33,34].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

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Effect of Arc Strikes on High Strength Low Alloy Steels Welded by SMAW

Fydrych,

Raczko,

Świerczyńska

et al. 2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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Wet welding with covered electrodes (Shielded Metal Arc Welding -SMAW) is the most commonly used method of carrying out welding repair works in a water environment. Limited visibility and the inability to move freely under water result in an increased risk of formation of welding imperfections such as lack of fusion, lack of penetration and arc strikes. The work focused on changes in the properties and structure of steel subjected to the impact of short (0.2 s) arc ignitions generated by covered electrodes in air and under water for three high strength steel grades: S460N, S460M and S500MC. Visual tests, macroscopic and microscopic metallographic tests, microhardness measurements and diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal determination were performed. A significant influence of the environment on changes in the morphology and microhardness of steel in the vicinity of arc strikes was found. The microhardness of the areas covered by the rapid thermal cycle caused by SMAW increased from 200-230 HV0.5 to 400-500 HV0.5 depending on the steel grade. The presence of welding imperfections: cavities and cracks were detected. The susceptibility of all steel grades subjected to short thermal cycles to cracking was confirmed by the results of measurements of the diffusible hydrogen content: 38.6 ml/100 g and 84.5 ml/100 g for air and water environment, respectively. No influence of changes in the welding current on the behavior of the material in the tested conditions was found. The conducted research shows that leaving arc strikes on the structure may have serious consequences and cause a failure.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…According to the results of the analysis carried out and industrial experience, it can be concluded that the environment and steel grade significantly affect morphology and properties of metal subjected to rapid thermal cycle [34]. Arc strikes are a highly disregarded welding imperfection among the unacceptable ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Arc Strikes on High Strength Low Alloy Steels Welded by SMAW

Fydrych,

Raczko,

Świerczyńska

et al. 2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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“…However, with a rise in CE value and mechanical strength for E410 and above; satisfactory weldability and to achieve high strength welding is a challenging issue; owing to which not much usage of E410 and above exists in public infrastructure. Few studies have highlighted these problems of weldability resulting from different causes (Wolski et al, 2023;Swierczy nska et al, 2024). Therefore, research on these aspects is essential as remarked earlier by Samanta et al (2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of CMT-MAG and MAG welding-processes on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of C-Mn E410 structural-steels

Khajuria,

Misra,

Shiva

2024

IJSI

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PurposeAn experimental investigation for developing structure-property correlations of hot-rolled E410 steels with different carbon contents, i.e. 0.04wt.%C and 0.17wt.%C metal active gas (MAG) and cold metal transfer (CMT)-MAG weldments was undertaken.Design/methodology/approachMechanical properties and microstructure of MAG and CMT-MAG weldments of two E410 steels with varying content of carbon were compared using standardized mechanical testing procedures, and conventional microscopy.Findings0.04wt.%C steel had strained ferritic and cementite sub-structures in blocky shape and large dislocation density, while 0.17wt.%C steel consisted of pearlite and polygonal ductile ferrite. This effected yield strength (YS), and microhardness being larger in 0.04wt.%C steel, %elongation being larger in 0.17wt.%C steel. Weldments of both E410 steels obtained with CMT-MAG performed better than MAG in terms of YS, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), %elongation, and toughness. It was due to low heat input of CMT-MAG that resulted in refinement of weld metal, and subzones of heat affected zone (HAZ).Originality/valueA substantial improvement in YS (∼9%), %elongation (∼38%), and room temperature impact toughness (∼29%) of 0.04wt.%C E410 steel is achieved with CMT-MAG over MAG welding. Almost ∼10, ∼12.5, and ∼16% increment in YS, %elongation, and toughness of 0.17wt.%C E410 steel is observed with CMT-MAG. Relatively low heat input of CMT-MAG leads to development of fine Widmanstätten and acicular ferrite in weld metal and microstructural refinement in HAZ subzones with nearly similar characteristics of base metal.

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“…The flux-cored arc welding process is increasingly used in many industries, including construction, automobile production, agriculture, mining, etc. [27][28][29][30][31]. The growing demand for flux-cored wires is justified by the advantages of welding methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Exothermic Additions in Core Filler on Arc Stability and Microstructure during Self-Shielded, Flux-Cored Arc Welding

Lozynskyi,

Trembach,

Katinas

et al. 2024

Crystals

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In the conditions of an energy crisis, an important issue is the increase in energy efficiency and productivity of welding and hardfacing processes. The article substantiates the perspective of using exothermic additives introduced into core filler for flux-cored wire arc welding processes as a relatively cheap additional heat source, reducing energy consumption when melting filler materials, and increasing the deposition rate. The mixture design (MD) was selected as the design method to optimize the average values of current and voltage, as well as arc stability parameters depending on core filler composition. This article studies the influence of the introduction of exothermic addition (EA), as well as the ratios CuO/C and CuO/Al on arc stability for the FCAW S process. Parameters characterizing arc stability were determined using an oscillograph, and from the obtained oscillograms, an analysis was conducted on arc voltage and welding current signals during flux-cored arc welding. It was determined that various methods can be used to evaluate arc stability, which can be divided into two groups: graphical (current and voltage cyclograms, box plots with frequency histograms, ellipse parameters plotted on current, and voltage cyclograms) and statistical (standard variation and coefficients of variation for welding current and arc voltage). In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation of arc stability depending on the composition of the cored wire filler was carried out. It was determined that the most stable current parameters were observed for the flux-cored wire electrode with an average exothermic addition content at the level of EA = 26.5–28.58 wt.% and a high carbon content (low values of CuO/C = 3.75). Conversely, the lowest values of arc stability (CV(U) and Std(U)) were observed during hardfacing with a flux-cored wire electrode with a high CuO/Al ratio ≥ 4.5 and a content of exothermic addition in the core filler below the average EA < 29 wt.%. Mathematical models of mean values, standard deviation, coefficient of variation for welding current, and arc voltage were developed. The results indicated that the response surface prediction models had good accuracy and prediction ability. The developed mathematical models showed that the ratio of oxidizing agent to reducing agent in the composition of exothermic addition (CuO/Al) had the greatest influence on the welding current and arc voltage characteristics under investigation. The percentage of exothermic mixture in the core filler (EA) only affected the average welding current (Iaw) and the average arc voltage (Uaw). The graphite content expressed through the CuO/C ratio had a significant impact on welding current parameters as well as the coefficient of variation of arc voltage (CV(U)). Two welding parameters were selected for optimization: the mean welding current (Iaw) and the standard deviation of arc voltage (Std(U)). The best arc stability when using exothermic addition CuO-Al in the core filler was observed at CuO/Al = 3.6–3.9, CuO/C = 3.5–4.26, and at an average EA content of 29–38 wt.%. The significant influence of the CuO/Al and CuO/C ratios on arc voltage parameters can also be explained by their impact on the elemental composition of the welding arc (copper, cupric oxide (CuO), and Al2O3). The more complete this reaction, the higher the amount of easily vaporized copper (Cu) in the arc plasma, enhancing arc stability. The influence of core filler composition on the microstructure of deposited metal of the Fe-Cr-Cu-Ti alloy system was investigated.

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Storage of High-Strength Steel Flux-Cored Welding Wires in Urbanized Areas

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Effect of Arc Strikes on High Strength Low Alloy Steels Welded by SMAW

Effect of Arc Strikes on High Strength Low Alloy Steels Welded by SMAW

The influence of CMT-MAG and MAG welding-processes on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of C-Mn E410 structural-steels

Effect of Exothermic Additions in Core Filler on Arc Stability and Microstructure during Self-Shielded, Flux-Cored Arc Welding

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