Storage-Induced Damage to Red Blood Cell Mechanical Properties Can Be Only Partially Reversed by Rejuvenation

Abstract

Background: The storage of red blood cells (RBC) is associated with impairment of their properties that can induce a circulatory risk to recipients. In a preceding study (2009), we reported that post-storage rejuvenation (RJ) of stored RBC (St-RBC) efficiently reduced the storage-induced RBC/endothelial cell interaction, while only partially reversing the level of intracellular Ca²⁺, reactive oxygen species, and surface phosphatidylserine. In the present study, we examined the RJ effectiveness in repairing St-RBC mechanical properties. Methods: RBC, stored in CPDA-1 without pre-storage leukoreduction, were subjected to post-storage RJ, and the deformability, osmotic fragility (OF), and mechanical fragility (MF) of the rejuvenated St-RBC (St-RBC_Rj) were compared to those of untreated St-RBC and of freshly-collected RBC (F-RBC). Results: 5-week storage considerably increased OF and MF, and reduced the deformability of St-RBC. All alterations were only partially (40-70%) reversed by RJ, depending on the extent of the damage: the greater the damage, the lesser the relative effect of RJ. Conclusion: The findings of the present and preceding studies suggest that different St-RBC properties are differentially reversed by RJ, implying that some of the changes occur during storage and are irreversible.

Biophysical and Biochemical Markers of Red Blood Cell Fragility

“…In a previous study, we have shown that the percentage of rigid RBCs in PRBC units increases with storage duration [13,14]. Accordingly, in this experiment, to obtain significant fractions of rigid cells, PRBCs stored for 35 days were separated into fractions of rigid (R-fraction) and deformable cells (D-fraction), by fractionation on column of PMMA microspheres (PMPMS), using a modification of the method of Deplaine et al [22]: A total of 1 g of dry PMPMS were suspended in 6 ml PBS supplemented with 1% albumin (PBS-A).…”

“…The cold storage of packed RBCs (PRBCs) is associated with a continuous increase in the percentage of cells with impaired functionality [10][11][12]. This included increased cell rigidity (reduced deformability) and aggregability [12][13][14], reduced level of cell membrane stomatin [15], and translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) to the cell surface [9,16], all leading to an increased adherence to endothelial cells [14].…”

“…Indeed, a few studies reported that RBC aging and storage duration are associated with increased OF and MF of the cells [13,[17][18][19][20][21].…”

Alterações antropométricas, hemodinâmicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas na pré-eclâmpsia

“…Since PE is related to dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and hematologic and vascular changes [23][24][25], it is possible that these changes are associated with each other. Within this context, it makes perfect sense to consider the participation of the erythrocyte in the etiology of PE/eclampsia, even because it has been associated with disease progression, particularly due to the strong association between this cell and oxidative stress [26,27]. In this study, the possible association of alterations in erythrocyte behavior with PE will be investigated through the analysis of osmotic stability.…”

“…(29) a 4.08 ± 0.44 (22) 3.78 ± 0.68 (13) a Ht (%) † 34.6 ± 3.8 (29) 34.7 ± 5.6 (22) 33.2 ± 3.8 (13) Hb (g/dL) † 12.0 ± 1.5 (29) 11.8 ± 1.8 (22) 11.3 ± 1.3 (13) MCV (fL) § 85. 3 ± 6.4 (29) 82.9 ± 8.9 (21) 87.3 ± 6.1 (13) MCH (pg) § 29.5 ± 2.7 (29) 27.9 ± 3.7 (21) 29.8 ± 2.7 (13) MCHC (g/dL) § 34.1 ± 1.6 (29) 33.8 ± 1.5 (21) 33.9 ± 2.3 (13) RDW (%) § 13.3 ± 1.3 (29) 14.0 ± 1.9 (21) 13.0 ± 1.3 (13) Rtc Index (%) § 1.1 ± 1.4 (27) a 1.4 ± 1.1 (21) 1.7 ± 1.6 (11) (21) 10.0 ± 2.3 (13) t-C (mg/dL) § 219.2 ± 65.0 (27) 198.0 ± 59.0 (19) 227.0 ± 61.9 (12) HDL-C (mg/dL) § 59.8 ± 28 (27) 59.9 ± 13.3 (21) 60 . Proteinuria 0+ * 100.0% (29) 31.3% (5) 0% ( (26) 13.3 ± 4.8 (15) 16.2 ± 7.1 (7) EDV (cm/seg) § 7.1 ± 3.7 (27) 8.2 ± 3.2 (17) 10.8 ± 5.4 (9) A min ( ∆OD) § 1.060 ± 0.148 (26) 1.032 ± 0.237 (22) 0.099 ± 0.074 (11) A max ( ∆OD) § 0.019 ± 0.021 (26) 0.019 ± 0.032 (22) 0.009 ± 0.009 (11) H 0 (g/dL NaCl) † 0.480 ± 0.031 (26) dX (g/dL NaCl) § 0.017 ± 0.027 (26) 0.015 ± 0.007 (22) 0.016 ± 0.010 (11) dX/H 50 § 0.038 ± 0.208 (26) 0.035 ± 0.018 (22) 0.038 ± 0.022 (11) dX/A min § 0.016 ± 0.007 (26) 0.014 ± 0.011 (22) 0.018 ± 0.011 (11) a,b,c and d indicate statistically significant (p<0.05) and borderline differences (0.05<p<0.10), respectively, when present as pairs of common letters and comparisons were done by Kruskall-Wallis with Dunn-Bonferroni posthoc test (non-normally distributed data)* , § or ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test (norma...…”