Stopping powers of solids for 84,86Kr, 100Mo and 129,132Xe ions at intermediate energies (20–45 MeV/u) and the charge state distributions at equilibrium

CHARGE STATE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SWIFT HEAVY IONS BEHIND VARIOUS SOLID TARGETS (36 ≤Zp≤ 92, 18 MeV/u ≤E≤ 44 MeV/u)

“…This figure, which includes our measurements and those of Gauvin et al. [14] and Baron [26], shows that the general trend is well reproduced by the formula but the mean charge is underestimated in all cases; an even more pronounced disagreement is seen for the experimental data corresponding to Kr and Xe ions passing through a gold target. As pointed out in Ref.…”

“…As pointed out in Ref. [14], this discrepancy is probably due to the fact that the correction term for the target atomic number proposed by Baron [27] does not depend on the emerging ion energy. In order to improve the formula for predicting the average charge state, we tried to find a new correction term which takes into account both the target atomic number and the emerging ion energy.…”

“…For the sake of a more complete coverage of the range of targets and ion velocities, we have provided here, in Tables II-VI, 22 datasets from Gauvin et al [14], which have also been obtained at GANIL, in addition to the 83 datasets in Tables VII-XI from our own measurements. …”

“…In order to improve the formula for predicting the average charge state, we tried to find a new correction term which takes into account both the target atomic number and the emerging ion energy. In deriving the modified semiempirical formula, we used the experimental data for Kr ions behind Be, Al, and Au targets from Gauvin et al [14] together with ours. Our procedure to obtain this relation is as follows:…”

“…At equilibrium, various semi-empirical formulae predicting the average charge state Q of heavy ions emerging from solid targets have been proposed [14,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. The more recent formula, and the one relevant to our energy range and projectile type, is that proposed by Baron [27] (9) f(Z p ) represents a correction term that has to be taken into account for projectiles which have an atomic number higher than 54; g(Z t ) is a correction factor [26] which describes the target atomic number dependence of Q .…”