Stopping khat use: Predictors of success in an unaided quit attempt

Duresso, Samson W.; Bruno, Raimondo; Matthews, Allison; Ferguson, Stuart G.

doi:10.1111/dar.12622

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The discomfort following discontinuation of khat chewing increase the risk of relapse. Treatment and behavioral intervention are crucial to assist khat chewers' in quitting khat use [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven in every ten khat chewers in Gondar City had an intention to stop khat chewing: cross-sectional study using Transtheoretical Model

2020

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Background Khat chewing practice is rapidly expanding worldwide and currently, an estimated over 10 million people chew khat daily. The transtheoretical model explains how behavior change occurs across the stages of change. So, this study aimed at assessing the intention to stop khat chewing and associated factors among khat chewers in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2019 in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia. Six hundred five khat chewers participated in the study from six randomly selected kebeles. The data were collected using structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were fitted. Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-values less than 0.05 were used to declare a significant association. Results Of the study participants, 69.3% (95% CI: 65.8–72.9) had the intention to stop khat chewing within 6 months or before. The majority of the participants (55.4%) were at the contemplation stage. Higher self-reevaluation [AOR = 2.8, (95%CI: 1.6–5.0)], environmental reevaluation [AOR = 1.9, (95%CI: 1.1–3.3)] and social liberation [AOR = 1.8, (95% CI: 1.0–3.1)] were associated with intention to quit khat chewing. In addition, using additional substances daily, khat dependency, and early age initiation of khat chewing were associated with lower intention to quit khat chewing. Conclusion The majority of the khat chewers had the intention to quit khat chewing. Increased self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, and social liberation process of changes were associated with enhanced intention of quitting khat chewing. Thus, stage-based interventions should be done to inspire khat chewers to realize their motivation of stopping khat chewing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven in every ten khat chewers in Gondar City had an intention to stop khat chewing: cross-sectional study using Transtheoretical Model

2020

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“…Appendix A shows the major characteristics of the study population by gender, age, level of education, and the types of substances used. With regard to gender, the findings from the studies show that the study population comprised both males and females (Agaku et al, 2015;Birhanu et al, 2014;Cubbins et al, 2012;Duresso et al, 2018;Embleton et al, 2013;Glozah et al, 2015;Koopman et al, 2008;Meade et al, 2015;Medley et al, 2014;Onya et al, 2012;Papas et al, 2012;Peltzer & Pengpid, 2012;Scheibe et al, 2016;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014;Stengel et al, 2018;Takahashi et al, 2018), with only a few focusing on either males (Ghaddar & Ghaly, 2016;Sfendla et al, 2018) or females (Ghebremichael et al, 2009;Watt et al, 2016;Wechsberg et al, 2008). There is an age variation among the study populations across all the studies with an age range of 10-65 years.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also diversity in the type of participants who comprised the study population. Some studies focused on self-injecting drug users (Ghaddar & Ghaly, 2016;Stengel et al, 2018), adolescents (Agaku et al, 2015;Birhanu et al, 2014;Mushanyu et al, 2017;Onya et al, 2012), vulnerable children (Beard et al, 2010;Embleton et al, 2013), adults with substance use disorders (Crunelle et al, 2018) undergraduate and postgraduate students (Duresso et al, 2018;Glozah et al, 2015) outpatients (Sfendla et al, 2018) and HIV positive patients (Medley et al, 2014;Papas et al, 2012). Moreover, results show that most of the study population have at least attended secondary school (Birhanu et al, 2014;Medley et al, 2014;Onya et al, 2012;Peltzer & Pengpid, 2012;Sfendla et al, 2018;Takahashi et al, 2018).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Appendix B gives an overview of risk and protective factors for substance use and prevention interventions for substance use in Africa. A wide spectrum of risk factors were reported in the accepted studies, ranging from age (Crunelle et al, 2018;Cubbins et al, 2012;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), gender (Birhanu et al, 2014;Cubbins et al, 2012;Medley et al, 2014;Scheibe et al, 2016;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014;Takahashi et al, 2017), level of education (Crunelle et al, 2018), marital status (Cubbins et al, 2012;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), unemployment (Ratliff et al, 2016;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), area of residence (Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), occupation (Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), employment status (Cubbins et al, 2012;Sreeramareddy et al, 2014), lack of alcohol use screening (Koopman et al, 2008), poor mental health (Peltzer & Pengpid, 2012;Sfendla et al, 2018), psychological factors (anxiety/stress/depression) (Peltzer & Pengpid, 2012;Sfendla et al, 2018), accessibility of alcohol and substances (Duresso et al, 2018;Embleton et al, 2013;Kalema et al, 2015;Meade et al, 2015;Onya et al, 2012;Scheibe et al, 2016;Takahashi et al, 2017), availability of alcohol and substances (Duresso et al, 2018;Meade et al, 2015;Onya et al, 2012;Takahashi et al, 2017), participants' place of origin (Birhanu et al, 2014;…”

Section: Risk and Protective Factors Identified In The Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alcohol and substance use prevention in Africa: systematic scoping review

Mupara

Tapera

Selemogwe-Matsetse

et al. 2021

Journal of Substance Use

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Background: Alcohol and substance use has been a long-standing public health challenge across the globe, including in Africa. Research evidence attests that there is no singular approach to the prevention of this problem. This study used a scoping review to systematically appraise existing research evidence on the prevention of alcohol and substance use in Africa. Methodology: A systematic search for literature on alcohol and substance use prevention between 2008 and 2018 in African countries was done in PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science databases. The study employed Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework. Search terms included those relevant to the prevention of alcohol and substance use. Abstracted data were synthesized, thematically analyzed, and presented in a narrative format. Results: A total of 34 peer-reviewed studies were selected for the final review in the current study. Alcohol is the predominantly used substance in Africa, among many other substances. A wide spectrum of factor risk and protective factors were reported. Prevention interventions were categorized as individual, family, school, workplace, environmental, media, as well as community-based prevention interventions. Conclusions: While a variety of targeted prevention interventions have been implemented in the African continent, their effectiveness remains to be further elucidated, explored, and tested.

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“…Psychological and physical symptoms [22,51,52], withdrawal experiences [37,39,53], distressing experiences after khat use [49], and impairment of control or stopping [54] were reported indicators of problematic khat use. Nencini et al [52] reported that reduced respiratory and body temperature was observed among customary khat users, similar to amphetamine abuse.…”

Section: Quantitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Definition and Validity of the Construct “Problematic Khat Use”: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background: Problematic khat use, not khat use per se, is a public health and social concern for the public, researchers, and policy makers. However, the construct problematic khat use is not well-established and not fully recognized in the modern definition of substance use disorders including Diagnostic Statistic Manual (DSM-5) and international classification of diseases (ICD-10), although DSM-5 included it in the “stimulant use disorder” category. Existing scoping reviews have focused on khat use, which could not allow the differentiation of khat use from problematic khat use. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to define and validate the construct problematic khat use. Methods: This systematic review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines. We searched all English language studies without publication date restriction from 5 databases; PubMed, EMBASE, psychINFO, SocINDEX, and Google scholar. All studies that defined, explored, evaluated, or measured the construct problematic khat use were included. Adapted data extraction tool and criteria for quality evaluation were employed. We presented the results in tables and thematic synthesis of the major findings. Result: Overall, 30 qualitative and cross-sectional design studies were included. Associated harms with khat use, an increased amount used, increased frequency of use, and withdrawal experiences were indicators of problematic khat use. Using khat on an average of 3 or more times per week and using other psychoactive substances during and after khat use were frequently used to define problematic khat use. The most frequently reported withdrawal symptoms were depressed mood, irritability, fatigue, lack of motivation, increased sleep, and appetite. The existing measures (severity of dependence scale and DSM-5) of problematic khat use had psychometrically acceptable properties in terms of construct, criterion, and convergent validity, but they are poor in terms of other domains of validity including content, conceptual, and semantic validity. Conclusion: Problematic khat use constitutes, but is not limited to, harms, increased use over time, and frequent engagement in other psychoactive substances misuse. Khat use is different from problematic khat use since it is occasional and used for prayer, social, and functional reasons. Strong empirical studies that could establish thresholds for patterns of problematic khat use and a culturally suitable problematic khat use measures that follows a bottom-up approach of scale development are warranted.

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Stopping khat use: Predictors of success in an unaided quit attempt

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Seven in every ten khat chewers in Gondar City had an intention to stop khat chewing: cross-sectional study using Transtheoretical Model

Seven in every ten khat chewers in Gondar City had an intention to stop khat chewing: cross-sectional study using Transtheoretical Model

Alcohol and substance use prevention in Africa: systematic scoping review

Definition and Validity of the Construct “Problematic Khat Use”: A Systematic Review

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