Stomatal Closure in Kidney Bean Plants Treated With Ammonium 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetate

Bradbury, Dorothy; Ennis, W. B.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1952.tb14280.x

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…This increased activity might contribute to the greater closing ability of the mutant stomata with age, in addition to the decrease of cytokinin activity reported before (18). This suggestion is put forward in view of the data showing that synthetic auxins induce closure of stomata of several plants (1,3,9,19,20) including tomato.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…While kinetin and, apparently, gibberellic acid stimulate stomatal opening (7,8,10), auxins and abscisic acid induce closure (1,3,9, 19, 20 These authors also showed that abscisic acid inhibited most of the kinetin-stimulated transpiration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…While kinetin and, apparently, gibberellic acid stimulate stomatal opening (7,8,10), auxins and abscisic acid induce closure (1,3,9,19, 20 for auxins; 6, 11 for abscisic acid). These studies have been reviewed extensively by Tal et al (18), and only works dealing with auxin and abscisic acid effects on stomata will be discussed here.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Top and soil applications of NOXA1 to intact nasturtium plants (3) and of 2,4-D to kidney bean plants (1) This paper is concerned with auxin-and abscisic acid-like activity in the flacca mutant and the control variety, Rheinlands Ruhm, during development.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Abnormal Stomatal Behavior and Hormonal Imbalance in flacca, a Wilty Mutant of Tomato

Tal¹,

Imber²

1970

Plant Physiol.

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The wilty tomato mutant, flacca, and the control variety, Rheinlands Ruhm, were compared with regard to the endogenous activity and concentration of auxin-and abscisic acid-like substances during ontogeny. The mutant wilts fast under water deficit because of inability to close its stomata. Symptoms characteristic of excessive auxin are evident in the developing mutant. Among these symptoms are branch and leaf epinasty, excessive rooting along the stem, and increased apical dominance. By using a leucineincorporation assay, spray of whole plants with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and wheat coleoptile bioassay, indications were found of an excess of activity and concentration of auxin -like substances in shoots of young and mature mutant plants. The wheat coleoptile bioassay also revealed a much lower amount of substances with abscisic acid-like activity in the mutant compared with the normal plant. In contrast to the appearance during ontogeny of morphological symptoms characteristic of auxin excess in the mutant, the absolute amount of auxin-like substances and their activity in incorporation of leucine decreased with age. A parallel decrease of the concentration and activity of auxinlike compounds was also found in the normal plant. The concentration of abscisic acid-like substances increased with age in both genotypes. The disagreement between the increasing morphological symptoms and the decrease of auxin -like activity and concentration is discussed, together with the possibility of a causal relationship between auxinand abscisic acid-like activity and stomatal behavior.Stomatal mechanism is affected by the four groups of plant hormones, namely, kinins, auxins, possibly gibberellin, and abscisic acid. While kinetin and, apparently, gibberellic acid stimulate stomatal opening (7,8,10), auxins and abscisic acid induce closure (1,3,9, 19, 20 These authors also showed that abscisic acid inhibited most of the kinetin-stimulated transpiration.In the present series of studies, dealing with the hormonal imbalance in the wilty tomato mutant, flacca, an attempt has been made to correlate stomatal behavior with endogenous hormonal level. The wilting of theflacca mutant is caused by the abnormal behavior of its stomata. The mutant stomata resist closure in darkness as well as during water deficit (16). Tal et al. (18) suggested that excess kinetin-like activity was responsible for the excessive opening of the mutant stomata. The increased closing ability of the mutant stomata noted in older plants and leaves was explained by the decrease in kinetin-like activity. Tal (16) also indicated that some symptoms of auxin excess were evident in the mutant at maturity. These symptoms consisted of stem swelling and epinasty of branches and leaves, especially on the upper part of the plant. Other symptoms noted later were strong rooting along the stem, and delayed development of side shoots.Application of both the synthetic auxin, 2,4-D (17), and abscisic acid (5) caused stomatal closure in both normal and mutant plants...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Abnormal Stomatal Behavior and Hormonal Imbalance in flacca, a Wilty Mutant of Tomato

Tal¹,

Imber²

1970

Plant Physiol.

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“…The intercept of the orange leaf curve indicates an appreciable inhibition at extremely low concentrations of undissociated 2,4-D. This might be due to one or more of a number of factors, such as closure of the stomates, which has been shown to be one of the effects of 2,4-D application (7,19), or to an effect of the dissociated form of the growth regulator such as has been postulated (8,23), or, more likely, to a different level of undissociated acid within the cell, governed by the pH of the cell itself. The continuous bathing of the Chlorella cells in the solution would render them likely to undergo a greater change in their internal pH than the orange leaves.…”

Section: Fig 3 Photosynthesis and Respiration Of Washingtonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Photosynthesis and Respiration

1954

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Early work with plant growth regulators offered only indirect evidence regarding their effect on photosynthesis. Mitchell et al. (15) showed that starved bean leaves exposed to light after they had been sprayed with a-naphthaleneacetic acid accumulated less starch, sugar, and dextrin than unsprayed leaves, and thus indicated the possibility of a decrease in photosynthesis. Freeland (13,14), measuring photosynthesis directly by gas exchange, found that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and other plant growth regulators inhibited apparent photosynthesis in Anacharis and in bean leaves. In bean, 2,4-D in a concentration of 100 ppm caused an inhibition of photosynthesis amounting to approximately 20% over the 4-day experimental period; respiration was first inhibited and then stimulated during the same period. In Anacharis, 30 and 100 ppm of 2,4-D caused a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis, the reduction being greater at the higher concentration. Respiration was at first inhibited by 2,4-D, but showed a partial or complete recovery at the end of 48 hours. Rhodes (20) showed that 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid reduced apparent photosynthesis of tomato plants.Nickell (16) reported stimulation of respiration of tumor tissue of Rumex acetosa at very low concentrations of 2,4-D, with progressive inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations. Growth of the tumor tissue responded to the application of 2,4-D in much the same manner as respiration.The dependence of the growth-promoting effect of naturally occurring auxin upon the concentration of the undissociated auxin molecule was established in 1934 (6), after Dolk and Thimann (12) had demonstrated that auxin activity was highest in an acid medium. This relationship has since been verified for synthetic plant growth regulators and other weak acids and bases by observing their effect in a variety of growth and respiration responses (2,4,5,21,22,23,25,26). Albaum et al. (1) showed that the relation of the pH of the medium to the effect of externally applied indoleacetic acid on Nitella was due to the penetration of the indoleacetic acid, the coincidence of the curves for penetration of indoleacetic acid and its dissociation, plotted against pH, indicating that it entered as the undissociated acid. 64The widespread use of 2,4-D in citrus culture for such purposes as increasing fruit size, delaying leaf and fruit abscission, and prolonging storage life of harvested fruit (24) has resulted in a situation in which a great deal of practical knowledge concerning the effects of the growth regulator on citrus is available, whereas little is known regarding the means by which 2,4-D alters the functioning of the plant to produce the observed responses. The present investigation is concerned with a quantitative study of the effect of 2,4-D on photosynthesis and respiration of citrus leaves and, for comparative purposes, its effect on the same processes in the unicellular green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. MATERIALS AND METHODSEXPERIMENTS WITH CITRUS LEAVES: To ...

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Molecular Effects of Hormone Treatment on Tissue

Zeroni¹,

Hall²

1980

Hormonal Regulation of Development I

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Stomatal Closure in Kidney Bean Plants Treated With Ammonium 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetate

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

Abnormal Stomatal Behavior and Hormonal Imbalance in flacca, a Wilty Mutant of Tomato

Abnormal Stomatal Behavior and Hormonal Imbalance in flacca, a Wilty Mutant of Tomato

Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Photosynthesis and Respiration

Molecular Effects of Hormone Treatment on Tissue

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