Stomata and Mesophyll Characteristics of Barley Leaf as Affected by Light: Stereological Analysis

The goal of this study was to determine if selected biochemical, structural and spectral properties of Norway spruce needles are influenced by the azimuth orientation of the branch. Three youngest needle age classes from 20 mature (100 years old or older) Norway spruce trees were sampled from upper branches of the sunlit production crown part from each of the 4 cardinal azimuth orientations. Photosynthetic pigments, soluble phenolic compounds and selected spectral and structural characteristics were determined for each needle age class. The content of photosynthetic pigments and soluble phenolic compounds did not differ among needles from different azimuth-oriented branches, nor did the optical reflectance indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (TCARI)/Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), Red Edge Inflection Point (REIP) and Landsat Thematic Mapper bands 5 and 4 (TM5/TM4). No variation in volume properties, tissue volume proportions and cross-section shape characteristics of 3rd-year needles rejected our hypothesis that there would be variation in needle structural properties according to the azimuth orientation of branches. Consequently, we concluded that a random sampling of similar-aged needles within the sunlit production crown part may be used to study biochemical or structural and spectral needle properties of a mature Norway spruce growing in forest stands without a significant slope. In addition, the results obtained from a branch of one azimuth orientation should be representative for the whole sunlit portion of the crown. Consequences of these findings for Norway spruce health monitoring using remote sensing techniques are discussed. AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine if selected biochemical, structural and spectral properties of Norway spruce needles are influenced by the azimuth orientation of the branch. Three youngest needle age classes from 20 mature (100 years old or older) Norway spruce trees were sampled from upper branches of the sunlit production crown part from each of the 4 cardinal azimuth orientations. Photosynthetic pigments, soluble phenolic compounds and selected spectral and structural characteristics were determined for each needle age class. The content of photosynthetic pigments and soluble phenolic compounds did not differ among needles from different azimuth-oriented branches, nor did the optical reflectance indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (TCARI)/Optimized SoilAdjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), Red Edge Inflection Point (REIP) and Landsat Thematic Mapper bands 5 and 4 (TM5/TM4). No variation in volume properties, tissue volume proportions and cross-section shape characteristics of 3rd-year needles rejected our hypothesis that there would be variation in needle structural properties according to the azimuth orientation of branches. Consequently, we concluded that a random sampling of similar-age...

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“…Transverse needle sections were prepared according to the principle of systematic uniform random sampling (Kubínová, 1991; Fig. 1).…”

Section: Needle Structural Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the azimuth orientation of Norway spruce (Picea abies/L./Karst.) branches within sunlit crown part influence the heterogeneity of biochemical, structural and spectral characteristics of needles?

Lhotáková

Albrechtová

Malenovský

et al. 2007

Environmental and Experimental Botany

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“…The first applications of stereology in plant anatomy were published by Pazourek (1975;, Chabot and Chabot (1977), Parkhurst (1982), Morris andThain (1983), andHajibagheri et al (1984). Later, a number of design-based stereological methods for the estimation of various leaf characteristics were introduced by Kubínová (1987;1989b;1991;1993;. Characteristics highlighted included mesophyll volume, proportion of intercellular spaces in mesophyll, internal leaf surface area, mesophyll cell number and mean mesophyll cell volume, based on measurements in 2D leaf sections.…”

Section: Short History Of Quantification Of Plant Anatomical Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corresponding areas were measured by a point-counting method, based on counting points of the test grid falling in the tissue under study (Chabot and Chabot, 1977;Pazourek, 1977;Pazourek and Nátr, 1981;Parkhurst, 1982;Hajibagheri et al, 1984;Gowland et al, 1987;Pazourek et al, 1987;Kubínová, 1991;Albrechtová, 1994), by a planimeter (Turrell, 1936), by cutting out the enlarged drawings of the sections and weighing them (El-Sharkawy and Hesketh, 1965;Charles-Edwards et al, 1972;Dengler and MacKay, 1975), by a semiautomatic image analyser (Parker and Ford, 1982) or by a stereological method based on length measurements (linear integration method, Weibel, 1979;Thain, 1983). A number of studies (e.g., Gundersen and Jensen, 1987) showed that, in general, the point-counting method using a regular grid of points (which is positioned uniformly at random on the section) is the most effective one.…”

Section: Plant Tissue Volume Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of a point counting method for the estimation of the proportion of intercellular spaces in barley leaf was presented by Kubínová (1989bKubínová ( , 1991. Using this approach, the volume density of individual tissues in a leaf was measured by Edwards et al (1999), Klich (2000), Luković et al (2001), Bray and Reid (2002), Luković (2006), Marin et al (2006), Zorić et al (2011;, Moura and Alves (2014), Bernardo et al (2017), and Bertel et al (2017).…”

Section: Plant Tissue Volume Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereology, an Unbiased Methodological Approach to Study Plant Anatomy and Cytology: Past, Present and Future

Kubínová¹,

Radochová²,

Lhotáková³

et al. 2017

Image Anal Stereol

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This review presents an historical overview of stereological methods used for the quantitative evaluation of plant anatomical and cytological structures. It includes the origins of these methods up to the most recent developments such as the application of stereology based on 3D images. We focus especially on leaf, as the vast majority of studies of plant microscopic structure examine this organ. An overview of plant cell ultrastructure measurements as well as plant anatomical characteristics (e.g., plant tissue volume density, internal leaf surface area, number and mean size of mesophyll cells and chloroplast number), which were estimated by stereological methods most frequently, is presented. We emphasize the importance of proper sampling needed for unbiased measurements. Furthermore, we mention other methods used for plant morphometric studies and briefly discuss their relevance, precision, unbiasedness and efficiency in comparison with unbiased stereology. Finally, we discuss reasons for the sparse use of stereology in plant anatomy and consider the future of stereology in plant research.

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“…Segundo Dias et al (2007), folhas de porções da copa de árvores que exibem maior intensidade de radiação (folhas de sol) demonstram modificações no conteúdo de clorofila, nas características de trocas gasosas como a transpiração e nas condições nutricionais. Essas modificações nas características fotossintéticas podem estar relacionadas a modificações anatômicas como folhas mais espessas e com maior proporção de mesofilo em folhas de sol (KUBÍNOVÁ, 1991). Além de maior espessura foliar e do mesofilo, plantas submetidas a maiores intensidade de radiação, podem promover maior deposição de ceras epicutilicares, relacionadas à diminuição da transpiração excessiva (PAIVA et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

MICROMORFOMETRIA FOLIAR DE Schinus molle L. (ANARCADIACEAE) EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS NA COPA

Pires

Pereira

Castro

et al. 2015

CERNE

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MICROMORFOMETRIA FOLIAR DE Schinus molle L. (ANARCADIACEAE) EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS NA COPARESUMO: A caracterização foliar em árvores é essencial para a sua identificação e utilização, bem como para se compreender as suas relações com o ambiente. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o estudo da anatomia dos folíolos e das características biométricas das folhas de S. molle em diferentes alturas na copa, em função das modificações ambientais e fisiológicas promovidas. As folhas foram coletadas em três diferentes alturas na copa: base, meio e alto da copa em uma população cultivada de S. molle. Para as analises anatômicas, as folhas foram fixadas em FAA e armazenadas em etanol sendo, posteriormente, submetidas a secções paradérmicas e transversais. As lâminas foram fotomicrografadas e as imagens analisadas no software UTHSCSA-Imagetool. Para as análises biométricas foram avaliadas a área, comprimento, largura, massa seca foliares, bem como a área foliar específica. Os folíolos possuem epiderme unisseriada, estômatos anomocíticos e ciclocíticos, mesofilo isobilateral e camada subepidérmica em ambas as faces da epiderme. Canais secretores e colênquima foram observados na nervura central e bordo dos folíolos. Ocorreram modificações nas espessuras da cutícula e do mesofilo, no sistema vascular, espessura do floema e na densidade estomática de acordo com a altura em que os folíolos se encontram na copa das árvores. As folhas foram menores e demonstram reduzida área foliar para as partes mais altas da copa. A anatomia foliar de S. molle é diferente de outras espécies do gênero Schinus e demonstra modificações sob as diferentes condições ambientais e fisiológicas promovidas pelas diferentes alturas na copa. LEAF MICROMORPHOMETRY OF Schinus molle L. (ANARCADIACEAE) IN DIFFERENT CANOPY HEIGHTS.ABSTRACT: Leaf characterization of trees is essential for its identification and use, as well as to understand its relationships with environment. The objective of this work is to study the leaflet anatomy and leaf biometrical characteristics at different canopy heights of Schinus molle plants as a function of its environmental and physiological modifications. Leaves were collected at three different canopy heights: base, middle and upper canopy in a plantation of S. molle. Leaves were used for anatomical and biometrical analysis. For the anatomical analysis, leaves were fixed in FAA and stored in ethanol 70% and further submitted to transversal and paradermical sections. Slides were photomicrographed and image analysis was performed in UTHSCSA-Imagetool. For biometrical analysis leaf area, length, width, dry mass and specific leaf area were evaluated. The leaflets exhibited single layer epidermis, anomocytic and ciclocytic stomata, isobilateral mesophyll, subepidermal parenchyma layer in both adaxial and abaxial faces of epidermis, secretory vessels and lamellar collenchyma in midrib and leaf border. Leaf anatomy modifications occurred in cuticle and mesophyll thickness, vascular system, phloem thickness, and stomatal density in accordance wit...

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Stomata and Mesophyll Characteristics of Barley Leaf as Affected by Light: Stereological Analysis

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

Does the azimuth orientation of Norway spruce (Picea abies/L./Karst.) branches within sunlit crown part influence the heterogeneity of biochemical, structural and spectral characteristics of needles?

Does the azimuth orientation of Norway spruce (Picea abies/L./Karst.) branches within sunlit crown part influence the heterogeneity of biochemical, structural and spectral characteristics of needles?

Stereology, an Unbiased Methodological Approach to Study Plant Anatomy and Cytology: Past, Present and Future

MICROMORFOMETRIA FOLIAR DE Schinus molle L. (ANARCADIACEAE) EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS NA COPA

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