Stocks, flows and emissions of DBDPE in China and its international distribution through products and waste

Shen, Kaihui; Li, Li; Liu, Junzhou; Chen, Chengkang; Liu, Jianguo

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.090

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…26 DBDPE production capacity could have been transferred to China because of its restriction in developed countries. 26 China contributed >50% of total global DBDPE production in 2012. 27 In 2014, the annual DBDPE production was double that of deca-BDE in China.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 In 2014, the annual DBDPE production was double that of deca-BDE in China. 26 As one of the world's largest EEE importers, a large volume of DBDPE is expected to enter China via DBDPE-containing EEE from developed countries. 26 In this study, DBDPE (42%) contributed double of what BDE 209 (20%) contributed to the total halogenated FRs.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 As one of the world's largest EEE importers, a large volume of DBDPE is expected to enter China via DBDPE-containing EEE from developed countries. 26 In this study, DBDPE (42%) contributed double of what BDE 209 (20%) contributed to the total halogenated FRs. In contrast, the DBPDE level was much lower than that of BDE 209 in Pakistan, 23 indicating varied usage patterns.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probing Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in the Air of Chinese Cities

Zhao

Tian

Zou

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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An increasing number of alternative flame retardants (FRs) are being introduced, following the international bans on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures. FRs’ production capacity has shifted from developed countries to developing countries, with China being the world’s largest producer and consumer of FRs. These chemicals are also imported with e-waste to China. Therefore, it is important to understand the current status of regulated brominated FRs, their phase-out in China, and their replacement by alternatives. In this study, a broad suite of legacy and alternative FRs, including eight PBDEs, six novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), two dechlorane plus variants (DPS), and 12 organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were evaluated in the air of 10 large Chinese cities in 2018. OPFRs are the most prevalent FRs in China, exhibiting a wide range of 1–612 ng/m3, which is several orders of magnitude higher than PBDEs (1–1827 pg/m3) and NBFRs (1–1428 pg/m3). BDE 209 and DBDPE are the most abundant compounds in brominated FRs (>80%). The North China Plain (NCP, excluding Beijing), Guangzhou, and Lanzhou appear to be three hotspots, although with different FR patterns. From 2013/2014 to 2018, levels of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DPs have significantly decreased, while that of OPFRs has increased by 1 order of magnitude. Gas-particle partitioning analysis showed that FRs could have not reached equilibrium, and the steady-state model is better suited for FRs with a higher log K OA (>13). To facilitate a more accurate FR assessment in fine particles, we suggest that, in addition to the conventional volumetric concentration (pg/m3), the mass-normalized concentration (pg/g PM2.5) could also be used.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probing Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in the Air of Chinese Cities

Zhao

Tian

Zou

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Nevertheless, most of the studies concerning the health effects of FRs have been carried out in children, animals or in vitro studies, so, as the effects of exposure in adults have not been studied in depth, the evidence is scarce and no OELs (occupational exposure limits) have been defined. A study by Shen et al [ 53 ] assesses the gap in toxicity data of NBFRs discussing the neuro (endocrine) toxic effect of NBFRs both in vitro and in vivo. Data from this article indicate that, particularly during early neurodevelopment, exposure to NBFRs could cause unwanted neurobehavior with potential to damage the neuroendocrine system including affects to thyroid/sex hormone levels.…”

Section: Weee Recycling As a Source Of Exposure To Bfrs: Health And Environmental Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Plastics from WEEE: A Review of the Environmental and Human Health Challenges Associated with Brominated Flame Retardants

Chaine

Hursthouse

McLean³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) presents the dual characteristic of containing both hazardous substances and valuable recoverable materials. Mainly found in WEEE plastics, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a component of particular interest. Several actions have been taken worldwide to regulate their use and disposal, however, in countries where no regulation is in place, the recovery of highly valuable materials has promoted the development of informal treatment facilities, with serious consequences for the environment and the health of the workers and communities involved. Hence, in this review we examine a wide spectrum of aspects related to WEEE plastic management. A search of legislation and the literature was made to determine the current legal framework by region/country. Additionally, we focused on identifying the most relevant methods of existing industrial processes for determining BFRs and their challenges. BFR occurrence and substitution by novel BFRs (NBFRs) was reviewed. An emphasis was given to review the health and environmental impacts associated with BFR/NBFR presence in waste, consumer products, and WEEE recycling facilities. Knowledge and research gaps of this topic were highlighted. Finally, the discussion on current trends and proposals to attend to this relevant issue were outlined.

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“…The effect of environmental degradation on human health and well‐being has gained a self‐perpetuating momentum across the globe since the early 1960s. Many countries have responded to the global call enacting various environmental health regulations, policies programs and thresholds 1 . In most of these countries, both public and private organisations are required by domestic and international laws to design enduring sustainable mechanisms to minimize environmental health externalities associated with their operations 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%