“…where ROAA i,t denotes the return on average assets of the financial institution i in the quarter t, CAP i,t represents the ratio of equity to total assets, and σ(ROAA) i,t is the standard deviation of the returns on average assets that is calculated using a rolling window for 12 quarters (see, e.g, Beck, Chen, Lin, & Song, 2016;Bertay, Dermirgüç-Kunt, & Huizinga, 2013;Chen et al, 2017;Michalak & Uhde, 2012;Nicolo et al, 2006). 20 In addition to RISK, based on accounting variables, we also calculated: capitalization (CAP = Equity/Total assets; see Aysun & Hepp, 2011;Ben Salah & Fedhila, 2012), liquidity (LIQ = Liquid assets/Total assets ratio; see Hollander & Prokop, 2015;López-Andión et al, 2015), and profitability (ROE = Net income/Shareholder's equity ratio; see Berger & Bouwman, 2013;Jiangli & Pritsker, 2008).…”