“…Fundamental models use fundamental variables such as stock prices, corporate earnings, interest rates, inflation or GNP to forecast crashes. The Bond-Stock Earnings Differential (BSEYD) measure (Ziemba and Schwartz, 1991;Lleo and Ziemba, 2012, 2015b, 2017 is the oldest model in this category, which also includes the CAPE (Lleo and Ziemba, 2017) and the ratio of the market value of all publicly traded stocks to the current level of the GNP (MV/GNP) that Warren Buffett popularized Loomis, 1999, 2001;Lleo and Ziemba, 2015a).…”