Stochastic scheduling of aggregators of plug-in electric vehicles for participation in energy and ancillary service markets

Alipour, Manijeh; Mohammadi‐Ivatloo, Behnam; Moradi-Dalvand, Mohammad; Zare, Kazem

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.10.141

Cited by 153 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The cycle ageing depends on number of charge-discharge cycles performed by the battery, therefore it is directly related to our utilization of the battery as a temporary electricity storage unit. The number of full charge-discharge cycles for Li-Ion battery during its lifetime is limited; concrete figures specified in the literature vary between 1000 [44] and 3000 [16,45]. Further difficulties in deriving a standardized battery lifetime arise from the fact that it depends on operating conditions, such as intensity of discharge and temperature.…”

Section: Algorithm 1 the Logic Of Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The common disadvantage of using EVs as energy storages is that the main vehicle's function remains driving, and it results in inconstant presence of EV batteries in the system. Neglecting this uncertainty leads to a serious overestimation of possible profits, for example [16] disclosed 23.8% difference of profit values. Further, the battery loses some of its value with each use.…”

Section: Related Research In Electric Vehicle Battery Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in [16,19], attempts to optimize EV charging from the PV sources without coordination of EV charging schedule with PV generation, would result in sub-optimal solutions. However, by combining V2B and local PV generation, it is possible to bypass the power utility that currently acts as a middle man that defines market mechanisms in order to exploit the distributed energy resources while preventing free market competition that would maximize the DER owner's profits.…”

Section: Related Research In Electric Vehicle Battery Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings

2018

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Vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology permits bypassing the power grid in order to supply power to a building from electric vehicle (EV) batteries in the parking lot. This paper investigates the hypothesis stating that the increasing number of EVs on our roads can be also beneficial for making buildings sustainably greener on account of using V2B technology in conjunction with local photovoltaic (PV) generation. It is assumed that there is no local battery storage other than EVs and that the EV batteries are fully available for driving, so that the EVs batteries must be at the intended state of charge at the departure time announced by the EV driver. Our goal is to exploit the potential of the EV batteries capacity as much as possible in order to permit a large area of solar panels, so that even on sunny days all PV power can be used to supply the building needs or the EV charging at the parking lot. A system architecture and collaboration protocols that account for uncertainties in EV behaviour are proposed. The proposed approach is proven in simulation covering one year period for three locations in different climatic regions of the US, resulting in the electricity bill reductions of 15.8%, 9.1% and 4.9% for California, New Jersey and Alaska, respectively. These results are compared to state-of-the-art research in combining V2B with PV or wind power generation. It is concluded that the achieved electricity bill reductions are superior to the state-of-the-art, because previous work is based on problem formulations that exploit only a part of the potential EV battery capacity.

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Section: Algorithm 1 the Logic Of Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Research In Electric Vehicle Battery Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Research In Electric Vehicle Battery Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings

2018

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“…Constraints (4) and (5) are related to the CVaR term. The EVs' demand that is supplied by the aggregator is considered by equation (6). …”

Section: Upper Level: Aggregator′s Viewpointmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [5], a stochastic model for energy and reserve scheduling considering risk management strategy is investigated. In [6], the impact of the market price and reserve market uncertainties via a stochastic programming structure is expressed to obtain the EV scheduling problem. Integrated scheduling of EVs and renewable resources in a microgrid is investigated in [7] in order to control the intermittency of renewable energy generations through the stored energy in EVs' batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stochastic Bi-Level Scheduling Approach for the Participation of EV Aggregators in Competitive Electricity Markets

et al. 2017

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This paper proposes a stochastic bi-level decision-making model for an electric vehicle (EV) aggregator in a competitive environment. In this approach, the EV aggregator decides to participate in day-ahead (DA) and balancing markets, and provides energy price offers to the EV owners in order to maximize its expected profit. Moreover, from the EV owners' viewpoint, energy procurement cost of their EVs should be minimized in an uncertain environment. In this study, the sources of uncertainty-including the EVs demand, DA and balancing prices and selling prices offered by rival aggregators-are modeled via stochastic programming. Therefore, a two-level problem is formulated here, in which the aggregator makes decisions in the upper level and the EV clients purchase energy to charge their EVs in the lower level. Then the obtained nonlinear bi-level framework is transformed into a single-level model using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. Strong duality is also applied to the problem to linearize the bilinear products. To deal with the unwilling effects of uncertain resources, a risk measurement is also applied in the proposed formulation. The performance of the proposed framework is assessed in a realistic case study and the results show that the proposed model would be effective for an EV aggregator decision-making problem in a competitive environment.

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Integrated TOU price‐based demand response and dynamic grid‐to‐vehicle charge scheduling of electric vehicle aggregator to support grid stability

Sharma

Jain

2019

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary Unregulated and simultaneous charge scheduling of large‐scale electric vehicles (EVs) may lead to grid instability and peak demand rise. EV aggregator (EVA) can adopt coordinated and distributed charging rates for EVs over the connection hours providing stability and regulation to system operator (SO). However, against flat rate, price‐based demand response (PBDR) integrated scheduling motivates EVs to charge in off peak hours and utilize their flexibility for load levelling and peak reduction. PBDR reduces EV charging cost as well. Real‐time price (RTP) demand response (DR), mostly adopted in literature, has low acceptance rate by EVs for being too dynamic to response and being infeasible for few charge cycles in a day. Time of use (TOU), being less dynamic, is natural price signal for EVs under PBDR but may reduce EVA's profit. Considering this, an integrated TOU‐PBDR model for EVA's grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) charge scheduling is proposed for energy and regulation market. EV owner perspective for charging cost minimization is considered along with EVA profit maximization. TOU is designed from RTP using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) method. EVs mobility uncertainty characterization makes scheduling dynamic. Sensitivity analysis based on charging rate upper limit and number of EVs validates the method. Results show interesting trends regarding EV charging cost, EVA profit, and regulation provision to SO.

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Stochastic scheduling of aggregators of plug-in electric vehicles for participation in energy and ancillary service markets

Cited by 153 publications

References 28 publications

Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings

Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings

A Stochastic Bi-Level Scheduling Approach for the Participation of EV Aggregators in Competitive Electricity Markets

Integrated TOU price‐based demand response and dynamic grid‐to‐vehicle charge scheduling of electric vehicle aggregator to support grid stability

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