Stochastic real-time operation control of a combined heat and power (CHP) system under uncertainty

The development of a low-carbon roadmap investment strategy to reach Science Based Targets for commercial organisations with multi-site properties

“…This reduced choice of technology is a limitation which can be remedied by expanding on the technology options by finding the relevant data and adding them to the model. For example, alternatives such as heat recovery systems [14], thermal storage systems [25], fuel cell CHP systems [57] and dynamic energy management capabilities through advanced control systems [58], [59] are just a few examples of initiatives that could be considered by a multi-site property owner after these become more commonplace across the built environment. An additional uncertainty comes from the assumptions made for the technology costs and efficiencies that require periodical updates to ensure alignment with changing market conditions, for which we encourage a periodical review of these datasets.…”

Modelling UK electricity regional costs for commercial buildings

“…Another interesting application of dynamic electricity prices derived from the MUKERC framework has been on the intelligent energy management via cloud-based solutions as presented by Olympios et al [45] and Bird et al [47] or by extracting maximum financial value to energy storage from electric vehicle fleets in a local energy network managed by a municipality [48]. We would expect for the research community, industry, and policy makers to embrace the application of dynamic electricity prices such as the ones presented in this work to more accurately reflect the conditions and challenges energy end users face today.…”

Fuel cells as combined heat and power systems in commercial buildings: A case study in the food-retail sector

“…The annual price mean used for natural gas in 2018-2019 was 2.48 p/kWh, with a 2% increase each year thereafter. This energy price differential between grid sourced electricity and natural gas is what makes producing electricity on-site so attractive for large energy consumers, particularly in industrial and commercial buildings, as it may allow end-users to source and control their energy resources more costeffectively [40]. Figure 2b.…”

“…The techno-economic model optimises the operation of a FC-CHP system which is theoretically controlled via a cloud-based optimiser, such as the one described by Olympios et al [40] and illustrated in Figure 4. The objective of the optimiser is to determine the operating strategy for the CHP system which results in minimising operational and maintenance costs.…”