“…Punctuality is determined as the proportion of flight delays with less than 15 min, widely accepted as a performance indicator in aviation. To avoid delays during periods of high traffic demand (peak times), airlines apply buffering strategies, which improve punctuality and minimizes tactical delay costs (Eurocontrol, 2020;Cook et al, 2016;Evler et al, 2020). The definition of delay varies between stakeholders and several terms have been established, such as acceptable delay, network delay, on-time performance, reactionary delays, delays per flight (gate-to-gate view), arrival delays, additional time in the arrival sequencing and metering area, departure delays, surface taxiing delays, and passenger delay minutes (cf.…”