Stochastic biosensors based on N- and S-doped graphene for the enantioanalysis of aspartic acid in biological samples

Abstract

Stochastic biosensors based on N- and S-doped graphene modified with hemin or α-hemolysin contributed to establishing the metabolomics of gastric cancer by performing the enantioanalysis of aspartic acid in different biological samples.

Recent Progress in Graphene- and Related Carbon-Nanomaterial-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Disease Detection

“…The exceptional features of carbon nanomaterials, for instance, their huge surface-to-volume ratio, high conductivity, and electron mobility at ambient temperature, have targeted toward several improvements in electrochemical sensors. − Graphene, on the contrary, has a limited quantity and is hydrophobic, which limits its application in biosensors . Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) solved the problem by enhancing the hydrophilicity of the graphene layer, which resulted in outstanding electrical conductivity and ease of surface modification for biomolecule immobilization, respectively …”

“…CNTs behave like molecular wires when aligned as “forests”, allowing for smoother the insolubility of electron transfer between the underlying electrode and the enzyme’s redox center. CNTs have been applied in a diversity of applications, including sensors, actuators, and energy storage, due to their specific properties. − In addition, CNTs and graphene show several features such as electrical, structural, chemical, and mechanical properties that are appropriate for the progress of biosensors. These include electrical conductivity and tremendous electrocatalytic activity, good stability, a large surface area, and flexible mechanical features. , …”

“…8 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) solved the problem by enhancing the hydrophilicity of the graphene layer, which resulted in outstanding electrical conductivity and ease of surface modification for biomolecule immobilization, respectively. 12 On the subject of GO's excellent physicochemical characteristics, its utilization in novel optical biosensing systems has been studied. 13 Although it is possible to use GO as a longrange photoluminescence quenching agent, it can also be treated in suspension and easily complexed with biological molecules.…”

“…These include electrical conductivity and tremendous electrocatalytic activity, good stability, a large surface area, and flexible mechanical features. 11,12 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently become popular in biosensors to improve their electrical characteristics. SWCNTs reveal outstanding electrical and mechanical features.…”

Sulfur-Doped Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Fast and Sensitive Determination of (R)-(+)-Limonene from Beverages

“…By doping graphene with heteroatoms such as F, S, B, and N, an improvement in electroconductivity and dispersibility was observed [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In this paper, the doping of graphene with S (S-Gr) was chosen for its effects on the π electrons in the carbon lattice, namely the modification of the structure of graphene; higher sensitivities are expected when used for sensor design [ 20 ].…”