The cobalt catalyst
used in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis,
under the conditions of the reaction, is covered by a dense adsorption
layer
in which CO is the main constituent. To obtain insight into the structure
of this layer and possible surface phases, CO structures on a Co(0001)
model have been investigated by high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM). The experiments were performed in situ, at CO pressures between
10–9 and 800 mbar and at a temperature of 300 K.
Under these conditions, an adsorption–desorption equilibrium
was established, reflecting the situation of the reaction. A series
of CO surface phases were observed; from 10–9 to
10–7 mbar, a (√3 × √3)R30° structure; between 10–6 and
10–3 mbar, a disordered phase representing a nonstoichiometric,
fluctuating (√7 × √7)R19.1°
structure; and between 10–2 and 100 mbar, a (2√3
× 2√3)R30° structure. Between 100
and 800 mbar, three moiré structures were observed that were
analyzed by a recently developed method. All phases were formed by
intact CO molecules. A phase diagram was obtained that allowed us
to extrapolate the stability regions of the CO phases to industrial
Fischer–Tropsch conditions. We conclude that the reaction operates
in the region of the disordered phase at a coverage between 0.43 and
0.50 monolayers of CO.