Stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for measurement of phenolic xenoestrogens in human urine samples

Kawaguchi, Migaku; Sakui, Norihiro; Okanouchi, Noriya; Ito, Rie; Saito, Koichi; Izumi, Shun-ichiro; Makino, Tsunehisa; Nakazawa, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.019

Cited by 84 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…The authors developed a method that was fairly sensitive [limit of detection (LOD) = 0.12 ng/mL]; concentrations of unconjugated BPA were < LOD, and concentrations of BPA glucuronide ranged from 0.11 to 0.51 ng/mL. After this initial examination in pooled urine, more than a dozen additional small studies examined urinary BPA concentrations and/or its metabolites in < 100 adults each (Arakawa et al 2004;Carwile et al 2009;García-Prieto et al 2008;Joskow et al 2006;Kawaguichi et al 2005;Kim et al 2003;Liu et al 2005;Mao et al 2004;Matsumoto et al 2003;Moors et al 2007;Nepomnaschy et al 2009;Ouichi and Watanabe 2002;Schöringhumer and Cichna-Markl 2007;Tsukioka et al 2003;Volkel et al 2005;Yang et al 2003;Ye et al 2005aYe et al , 2005b (Table 1). Although these studies used slightly different methods and different population samples, they overwhelmingly detected BPA or its conjugates in urine.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment From Urinary Measures Of Bpamentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

Vandenberg

Chahoud

Heindel³

et al. 2012

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

332

331

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Estudos de biomonitoração do sistema urinário, circulatório e tecidos indicam grande exposição ao Bisfenol A Resumo Bisfenol A (BPA) é um dos produtos quí-micos mais produzido em todo o mundo, e a exposição humana a ele é considerada onipresente. Assim, há preocupações de que a quantidade de BPA para o qual os seres humanos estão expostos podem causar efeitos adversos à saúde. Nós examinamos muitas possibilidades sobre o porquê estudos de biomonitorização e toxicocinética podem chegar a conclusões aparentemente conflitantes. Mais de 80 estudos publicados de biomonitorização humana que mediram a concentração de BPA em tecidos humanos, urina, sangue e outros fluidos, juntamente com dois estudos de toxicocinéti-ca do metabolismo humano BPA foram examinados. BPA não conjugado foi detectado no sangue (nonanogramas por mililitro gama), e BPA conjugado foi detectado na grande maioria das amostras de urina. Em contraste, estudos de toxico-cinética propuseram que os seres humanos não são internamente expostos ao BPA. Dados disponíveis de estudos de biomonitorização indicam que a população em geral está exposta ao BPA e em risco de exposição interna ao BPA não conjugado. Os dois estudos de toxicocinética, que sugeriram a exposição humana ao BPA é insignificante, têm deficiências significativas e estão diretamente refutados por outros estudos e, portanto não são confiáveis para fins de avaliação de risco. Palavras-chave Disruptor endócrino, Exposição humana, Modelo PBPK/PBTK, Gravidez, Avaliação de risco, Toxicocinética Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. We examined many possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. More than 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism were examined. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.

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Section: Exposure Assessment From Urinary Measures Of Bpamentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

Vandenberg

Chahoud

Heindel³

et al. 2012

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

332

331

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, even when using these specific methods, structure confirmation is required. Therefore, methods to quantify BPA or BPA-gluc by HPLC-UV, HPLC-FLD, or HPLC with electrochemical detection or after fluorophore derivatization in urine of nonintentionally exposed humans may have only limited applicability (Ouchi and Watanabe, 2002;Takeuchi and Tsutsumi, 2002;Matsumoto et al, 2003;Mao et al, 2004;Kawaguchi et al, 2005), since the use of internal standards with these methods is difficult and many possibly interfering compounds with fluorophores or electrochemical potential are present in biological samples. Quantitation of parent BPA with GC-MS has a sufficient sensitivity and a higher power of separation as compared with HPLC (Schönfelder et al, 2002), but the procedure requires solvent extraction and/or further sample preparation as a possible source of contamination with BPA and needs to be well evaluated to avoid production of false-positive results.…”

Section: Quantitation Of Bisphenol a In Biological Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitation of Bisphenol a and Bisphenol a Glucuronide in Biological Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Bittner²,

2005

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ABSTRACT:Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weak estrogen. Pharmacokinetic studies of BPA have demonstrated a rapid and extensive metabolism of BPA to the nonestrogenic BPA-monoglucuronide (BPA-gluc). Some investigators have reported that BPA was found at parts per billion concentrations in the tissues or urine of humans without known exposure to BPA. This work developed a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of BPA and BPA-gluc in plasma and urine based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of BPA and BPA-gluc uses stable isotope-labeled internal standards. A linear ion trap mass spectrometer permits identification and quantitation of BPAgluc and BPA without sample workup. Development of separation conditions reduced the BPA-background in solvent samples to below 2.5 pmol/ml for BPA. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for BPA in control urine was 15 pmol/ml; LOQ for BPA-gluc was 65 pmol/ml. Application of the method to urine samples from human subjects (n ‫؍‬ 6) after administration of 25 g of BPA/person (estimated maximum human daily intake) permitted the determination of excretion kinetics for BPA-gluc; BPA was below the LOD in all except two of the samples. In urine or blood samples of human subjects (n ‫؍‬ 19) without intentional exposure to BPA, BPA concentrations were always below the limit of detection (Ϸ2.5 pmol/ml) with or without prior glucuronidase treatment. The results show that care is required for analysis of BPA and its major metabolite BPA-gluc. The LOD obtained and the absence of detectable levels of BPA in samples from individuals suggests that general exposure of humans to BPA is much lower than the worst-case exposure scenario developed.

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“…59 Recently, a highly sensitive analytical method using SBSE with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption GC-MS was developed for the simultaneous measurement of trace amounts of phenolic xenoestrogens in human urine samples. 60 Furthermore, SBSE in combination with HPLC-UV could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital in plasma samples. 61 Although the sensitivity of the SPME method can be improved by increasing the volume of the extraction phase, increased thickness of only the extraction phase would require a much longer equilibration time because the extraction rate is controlled by the thickness of the coating.…”

Section: ·2 Other Batch Equilibrium Microextraction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Developments and Future Trends in Solid-phase Microextraction Techniques for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses

Kataoka

2011

ANAL. SCI.

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Stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for measurement of phenolic xenoestrogens in human urine samples

Cited by 84 publications

References 50 publications

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

Quantitation of Bisphenol a and Bisphenol a Glucuronide in Biological Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Current Developments and Future Trends in Solid-phase Microextraction Techniques for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses

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