Stink Bug Communication and Signal Detection in a Plant Environment

Abstract

Plants influenced the evolution of plant-dwelling stink bugs’ systems underlying communication with chemical and substrate-borne vibratory signals. Plant volatiles provides cues that increase attractiveness or interfere with the probability of finding a mate in the field. Mechanical properties of herbaceous hosts and associated plants alter the frequency, amplitude, and temporal characteristics of stink bug species and sex-specific vibratory signals. The specificity of pheromone odor tuning has evolved through highly specific odorant receptors located within the receptor membrane. The narrow-band low-frequency characteristics of the signals produced by abdomen vibration and the frequency tuning of the highly sensitive subgenual organ vibration receptors match with filtering properties of the plants enabling optimized communication. A range of less sensitive mechanoreceptors, tuned to lower vibration frequencies, detect signals produced by other mechanisms used at less species-specific levels of communication in a plant environment. Whereas the encoding of frequency-intensity and temporal parameters of stink bug vibratory signals is relatively well investigated at low levels of processing in the ventral nerve cord, processing of this information and its integration with other modalities at higher neuronal levels still needs research attention.

Life History Traits of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) for the Development of Pest Management Tools

“…Substrate-borne vibrations are prevalent in insects [26][27][28][29]. In the Pentatomidae, these have been described in 36 species [30,31]. Substrate-borne communication has been well studied in the model species Nezara viridula (L.), where it is closely associated with their mating behaviour [30,32].…”

“…In stink bugs, mating behaviour is mediated by chemical and vibrational signals and involves long-range mate location and close-range courtship behaviour [30][31][32][33][34]. This bimodal communication starts at long distance with the emission of the male pheromone which attracts females towards the chemical signal and can result in aggregations of females on the same host plant or in areas surrounding the calling males [33].…”