Stimulus Equivalence and Rule Following

Hayes, Linda J.; Thompson, Scott F.; Hayes, Steven C.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1989.52-275

Cited by 64 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The results of this study add further empirical evidence for the consideration of the role of verbal behavior, and specific for the rule generation and following, as one of the most important aspects to explain the behavior observed in human studies (Hayes, Thompson & Hayes, 1989). And related to this, the results also add more arguments which question the role of the conditionality in training as the cause of the observed Matching to Sample, as well as the necessity of negative relationships establishment between sample and comparison.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Simple discrimination training and conditional discrimination response

Pérez

Polín

2015

AN PSICOL-SPAIN

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Título: Entrenamiento de discriminación simple y respuesta de discriminación condicional. Resumen: La discriminación condicional es un procedimiento cuyo uso está ampliamente extendido en el AEC (Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento), especialmente las denominadas "Igualaciones a la Muestra". Aunque se ha puesto en práctica con una amplia variedad de especies, el comportamiento de humanos con competencias verbales en este tipo de tareas puede involucrar otras variables de control diferentes a las contingencias de cuatro términos programadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar si se podían adquirir discriminaciones condicionales aunque las contingencias de refuerzo no involucrasen a la muestra. Participaron 109 alumnos de psicología que fueron distribuidos en tres condiciones. Todos fueron expuestos a dos bloques de entrenamiento (A y B) con una muestra y tres comparaciones, no obstante, en el 75% de los ensayos del bloque B la muestra no funcionaba realmente como un estímulo condicional. Se manipularon la simultaneidad muestra-comparaciones y el requerimiento de respuesta de observación a la muestra, dando lugar a tres condiciones diferentes. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias entre la velocidad de adquisición del bloque A y del B en ninguna condición, lo que apunta a que el comportamiento de los participantes estaba más controlado por la configuración estimular que por las contingencias de reforzamiento. Palabras clave: Igualación a la muestra; discriminación simple; conducta gobernada por reglas; humanos. Abstract:The conditional discrimination is a procedure the use of which is widely extended in the EAB (Experimental Analysis of Behavior), especially those known as "Matching to Sample". Although it has been used with a wide variety of species, the behavior of humans with verbal skills in these kinds of tasks may involve other control variables which are different from the scheduled contingencies of four terms. The aim of this work was to verify if conditional discriminations could be acquired, although reinforcement contingencies did not involve the sample. 109 psychology students, who were divided into three conditions, participated in the study. All of them were exposed to two blocks of training (A and B), with one sample and three comparisons, however, the sample did not really function as a conditional stimulus in 75% of the trials in block B. Simultaneity between sample and comparisons, as well as the requirement of a sample observation response, were manipulated resulting in three different conditions. The results showed no differences between acquisition speed in block A and block B in any condition, which suggests that the behavior of the participants was more controlled by the stimuli configuration than by the reinforcement contingencies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Simple discrimination training and conditional discrimination response

Pérez

Polín

2015

AN PSICOL-SPAIN

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“…To strengthen evidence of recombinative generalization, future studies should also repeat test trials and vary the comparisons used, to rule out control by part of the sequence. Second, it would be interesting to perform ''naming'' tests, in which participants produce the stimuli, for instance pressing keys on a piano keyboard, as in the studies of Hayes et al (1989) and Batitucci (2007). This would also be important to insure control by all the notes in the sequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Musical stimuli were first used to investigate the emergence of novel behavior by Hayes, Thompson, and Hayes (1989), with the stimulus equivalence paradigm. According to colleagues (e.g., Sidman, 1971, 1994;Sidman & Tailby, 1982), a textual stimulus, such as a printed word, bears an equivalence relation to the corresponding spoken word and its referent, such as a picture of the object designated by the word.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, interpretation of these data is not entirely clear because students could learn to play each score across several trials, and the actual number of errors is not reported, only the number of trials to achieve a criterion of less than four errors in a particular score. Batitucci (2007) studied recombinative generalization after training with sequences of notes rather than with individual notes, as in Hayes et al (1989). Also, Batitucci taught auditory-visual relations and verified recombination of units to generate new auditoryvisual relations.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recombinative Generalization: An Exploratory Study in Musical Reading

Pérez

Rose

2010

Analysis Verbal Behav

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The present study aimed to extend the findings of recombinative generalization research in alphabetical reading and spelling to the context of musical reading. One participant was taught to respond discriminatively to six two-note sequences, choosing the corresponding notation on the staff in the presence of each sequence. When novel three-and four-note sequences were presented, she selected the corresponding notation. These results suggest the generality of previous research to the context of musical teaching.

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“…Subjects have been able to form equivalence classes using verbal stimuli and gustatory stimuli (Annett & leslie, 1995;Hayes, Tilley, & Hayes, 1988); tactile stimuli (Plaud, 1995;Tierney, Delargy, & Bracken, 1995); auditory stimuli (Dube, Green, & Serna, 1993) and musical stimuli (Hayes, Thompson, & Hayes, 1989). A consistent finding is that humans can form equivalence classes both within and across modalities.…”

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confidence: 93%

The Effects of Sexually Explicit Words on the Formation of Stimulus Equivalence Classes

Plaud¹,

Gaither

Franklin

et al. 1998

Psychol Rec

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Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral approach to the analysis of the "meaning" of stimulus sets. The formation of threemember (A-7B-7C) stimulus equivalence classes was used to investigate the effects of three different sets of sample and comparison stimuli on emergent behavior. The three stimulus sets were composed of sexually explicit words, sexually ambiguous words, and a third category of neutral words. Forty-one female and male subjects participated in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. Using a mixed crossover design, subjects received training and emergent relationship training in the three stimulus set conditions, controlling for serial order effects. Results revealed a significant interaction between the formation of stimulus equivalence classes and stimulus "meaning ," indicative of consistently biased responding in favor of reaching criterion responding more slowly for the sexually explicit words. Results were examined in the context of an analysis of the importance of stimulus "meaning" on behavior, and the relation of stimulus "meaning" to behavioral and cognitive theories, with special appraisal given to the influence of sexually related discriminative stimuli on behavior.Stimulus equivalence can be defined as a relationship between two things such that one of those things may be substituted for (or come to take the place of) the other in a particular setting and not significantly alter the situation; that is, they come to evoke the same or nearly the same response. Stimulus equivalence is a behaviorally based approach to exploring and understanding how humans process the relationships between these things-these symbolic stimuli-a process traditionally viewed as cognitive in nature but for which behavioral response patterns do emerge.Stimulus equivalence is concerned with both verbal behavior and rule-governed behavior of humans (Plaud, 1995). Utilizing a conditional

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Stimulus Equivalence and Rule Following

Cited by 64 publications

References 13 publications

Simple discrimination training and conditional discrimination response

Simple discrimination training and conditional discrimination response

Recombinative Generalization: An Exploratory Study in Musical Reading

The Effects of Sexually Explicit Words on the Formation of Stimulus Equivalence Classes

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