Stimulus control and the effects of d-amphetamine in the rat

Vg, Laties; Rw, Wood; Rees, David C.

doi:10.1007/bf00432438

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…As external stimulus control increases, the effects of a given dose of drug have been shown to decrease (Laties, 1972;Laties, Wood, & Rees, 1981;Thompson, 1978). The reinforcing stimuli in the present concurrent condition are also discriminative stimuli (Michael, 1982;Schuster & Balster, 1977) Although no simple and direct extrapolations can be made from these data to human situations, there is a suggestion that ethanol intakes might not be reduced at times of added ingestion of benzodiazepines if the co-use occurred in environmental situations in which other reinforcers were concurrently available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Samson

Grant

1985

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Experiments examined the effects of acute doses of chlordiazepoxide upon ethanol selfadministration in the rat. A concurrent-schedule procedure was used that employed choice between ethanol (5%) and a second fluid (either water or a 1% sucrose solution). When ethanol and water were the available fluids, chlordiazepoxide at doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg reduced ethanol-reinforced responding and intake, with a greater reduction occurring at the 20 mg/kg dose. However, when ethanol and sucrose were concurrently available, in many rats only the 20 mg/kg dose of chlordiazepoxide reduced ethanol-reinforced responding. The differences in dose response function occurred in most animals without large changes in the baseline ethanol-reinforced responding across the two concurrent conditions. Thus the dose-effect curve relating chlordiazepoxide and ethanol self-administration can be altered, dependent upon the nature of the concurrently available reinforcers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Samson

Grant

1985

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Evenden and Robbins (1983b) also demonstrated that this effect of the drug did not depend upon switching being necessary for obtaining reinforcement by using concurrent random ratio schedules in which the probability of a response being reinforced was independent of switching. Furthermore, under a schedule in which subjects were required to perform a fixed consecutive number of responses in one location before switching to a second (FCN), Laties found increased switching in pigeons (Laties 1972) and rats (Laties et al 1981) under d-amphetamine, scopolamine and chlorpromazine. Moerschbaecher et al (1979) found that both amphetamine and scopolamine also increased switching in monkeys.…”

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confidence: 98%

Contrasting baseline-dependent effects of amphetamine, chlorpromazine and scopolamine on response switching in the pigeon

Evenden

1986

Psychopharmacology

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Both amphetamine and scopolamine increase low rates and reduce high rates of responding. It has been suggested that the dependence of the effects of these drugs on control rate may be due to their non-specific disruptive cue properties rather than to specific pharmacological actions. To examine whether this possible non-specific disruption also applied to response-choice, pigeons were trained under a schedule in which 30 key-peck responses were required. This fixed-ratio could be completed by responding in any order on either or both of two keys, and then the first switch between the two keys was reinforced by the presentation of food. Under control conditions, the probability of the birds switching between the keys increased as the ratio progressed, resulting in performance which could be analysed in a manner analogous to rate-dependent analyses of responding under fixed-interval (FI) schedules. The birds were then treated with amphetamine (0.4-3.2 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (1.0-30 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.01-0.10 mg/kg). Amphetamine increased switching at all baselines, to probabilities greater than chance (i.e. P. switch greater than 0.5). Scopolamine resulted in response choice converging towards chance, whereas chlorpromazine reduced switching when the baseline probabilities were high. Thus: amphetamine increases switching in pigeons as it has previously been shown to do in rats, and this effect is not due to regression towards random choice, the opposite effect of a reduction in switching can occur after chlorpromazine treatment, and whereas the effects of amphetamine and scopolamine on response rate may be similar, the effects of the two drugs on response choice are dissociable, with only scopolamine resulting in a randomisation of performance.

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“…In many cases, for example, the effects of drugs depend on the local rate of responding under control conditions (Dews 1958;Kelleher and Morse 1968;McKearney and Barrett 1978). In other cases, reinforced behavior under strong control of a discriminative stimulus is affected by drugs differently than behavior controlled exclusively by schedule presentations of the reinforcer in the absence of specific enviornmental stimuli (Dews 1964;McKearney 1970;Laties and Weiss 1966;Clody and Carlton 1980;Laties et al 1981). Further, the effects of drugs on low rates of responding can depend on whether or not the low rates have resulted form suppression by punishment (Geller and Seifter 1960;Hanson et al 1967;McMillan 1973).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of chronically administered d-amphetamine on spaced responding maintained under multiple and single-component schedules

Smith¹

1986

Psychopharmacology

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Key pressing by rats was maintained under spaced-responding and random-ratio schedules of food delivery, and rates of responding were reliably different for each schedule. When responding was maintained under a multiple schedule, appropriate doses of d-amphetamine (1.0 and 1.7 mg/kg) markedly increased low rates of spaced responding while markedly decreasing high rates of ratio responding. These drug-produced changes in response rate resulted in decreased food presentation during both schedule components. When 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine was given daily, tolerance developed to initially decreased ratio responding in six to nine sessions, but did not develop to initially increased spaced responding. However, when the ratio schedule was removed, tolerance developed very quickly to increases under the spaced-responding schedule, and associated food frequency returned to control levels. When the ratio schedule was reinstated, spaced responding was once again increased, and its associated frequency of food delivery was again decreased. The development of tolerance to the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine was influenced more by global changes in response consequences during entire experimental sessions than by local changes in response consequences in single components of those sessions. Whenever the concept of "response cost" is used, it should be understood in terms of total "cost".

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Stimulus control and the effects of d-amphetamine in the rat

Cited by 41 publications

References 11 publications

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Chlordiazepoxide Effects on Ethanol Self‐administration: Dependence on Concurrent Conditions

Contrasting baseline-dependent effects of amphetamine, chlorpromazine and scopolamine on response switching in the pigeon

Effects of chronically administered d-amphetamine on spaced responding maintained under multiple and single-component schedules

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