Stimulation of Neurons and Astrocytes via Temporally Interfering Electric Fields

Abstract

SummaryA novel non-invasive electrical stimulation method, temporal interference stimulation (TIS), has been proposed to enable spatially steerable stimulation and to selectively activate different brain regions. However, TIS has not been studied with cell cultures that can provide an indepth assessment of its effects on neuronal cells. We successfully established anin vitroTIS setup using rat cortical neurons on microelectrode arrays. Stimulations involved 1) TIS with 653 Hz and 643 Hz, resulting in a 10 Hz frequency envelope, 2) low-frequency stimulation (LFS) at 10 Hz, 3) high-frequency stimulation (HFS) at 653 Hz, and 4) no electrical stimulation (control/sham). HFS and LFS had the least effect on neuronal activity, but TIS elicited neuronal electrophysiological responses, especially 24 hours after stimulation. We also assessed TIS in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. Interestingly, co-cultures seemed to counteract the TIS effects. Hence, our findings deepen the current understanding of the electrical modulation of neurons during TIS.HighlightsTemporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a new technique for brain stimulation.TIS setup was established and combined with microelectrode array (MEA) system.Rat cortical neurons and astrocytes were stimulated with TISin vitro.Neurons responded to TIS more prominently without astrocyte support.

Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain

“…Within a single cell, asymmetries between inwardgoing sodium and outward-going potassium channels may be sufficient to generate susceptibility to AM electric fields 18,36 . This would be consistent with recent work showing that the presence of glia tends to dampen neuronal demodulation of TI stimuli 37 . Within larger networks, frequency-dependent adaptation of a circuit could also contribute to demodulation 19 .…”