Stimulation of epidermal calcium gradient loss and increase in TNF‐α and IL‐1α expressions by glycolic acid in murine epidermis

Abstract

In a previous study, we reported that alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA), such as glycolic acid and lactic acid, did not induce any significant changes in transepidermal water loss for normal murine skin. The ultrastructural observations, however, showed that the extent of lamellar body exocytosis significantly increased. Because AHA can theoretically decrease the calcium ion concentration by chelation, topical AHA may induce the loss of epidermal calcium gradient by lowering the calcium ion concentration in the granulocytes and, subsequently, induce lamellar body secretion. The aim of this study is to verify that glycolic acid could modulate the epidermal calcium gradient and increase lamellar body exocytosis. Seventy per cent of glycolic acid aqueous solution was applied to the normal skin of hairless mice and biochemical and morphological studies were performed. The loss of epidermal calcium gradient was observed in glycolic-acid-applied skin of hairless mice and subsequent barrier function recovery processes, such as an increase in lamellar body secretion, were observed. The extracellular glycolic acid was found to inhibit the change in intracellular calcium ion concentration in response to extracellular calcium ion concentration changes in the cultured mouse keratinocyte in vitro. The protein and mRNA expressions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1alpha in the murine epidermis were significantly increased after glycolic acid application. An in vitro study using cultured keratinocytes suggested that glycolic acid could lower the calcium ion concentration, at least in part, through the chelating effects of the glycolic acid on the cationic ions.

An Update of the Defensive Barrier Function of Skin

“…Since the major signaling molecules for GPCRs include intracellular calcium ions, it can be concluded that the change of intracellular calcium ion concentration is a major signal for permeability barrier homeostasis. In addition to the GPCR activation-related calcium modulation, we have also shown that topical application of calcium chelating agents onto normal skin induced the barrier homeostatic responses, including loss of the epidermal calcium gradient and LB secretion 55. Topical application of glycolic acid, which does not induce any changes in TEWL in normal murine skin, significantly increased LB secretion56,57 and an in vitro study using cultured keratinocytes suggests that glycolic acid could lower the calcium ion concentration, at least in part, through its chelating effects on cations, such as calcium ions.…”

Influence of skin peeling procedure in allergic contact dermatitis

“…Recently, the exposure of various contact allergens is increasing, and because peeling affects the skin barrier, subjects with a history of peeling may have a higher chance of contact sensitization. After peeling, the stratum corneum becomes thinner and shows enhanced desmosomal breakdown on ultrastructural observations (15–17). Protein and messenger RNA expression of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1α in murine epidermis was significantly increased after glycolic acid application (17).…”

“…After peeling, the stratum corneum becomes thinner and shows enhanced desmosomal breakdown on ultrastructural observations (15–17). Protein and messenger RNA expression of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1α in murine epidermis was significantly increased after glycolic acid application (17). TNF‐α and interleukin‐1α appear to be of prime importance in contact sensitization.…”

Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic

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