Stigma associated with autism among college students in Japan and the United States: An online training study

Someki, Fumio; Torii, Miyuki; Brooks, Patricia J.; Koeda, Tatsuya; Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.016

Cited by 72 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The measure of stigma used in the current study was an adapted version of the Social Distance Scale (Bogardus, 1933), a commonly used measure of stigma that typically exhibits good internal-consistency and evidence of validity (Link, Yang, Phelan, & Collins, 2004). We utilized a social distance scale to be able to relate our findings to prior cross-cultural autism stigma research which also used a social distance scale (e.g., Obeid et al, 2015;Someki et al, 2018). To ensure that random responding was not driving cross-cultural differences, we expanded the 6-item scale (with no reverse-scored items) used in prior work to include 11 items (5 of which were reverse scored; see Appendix A).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the first studies to directly compare stigma towards autism across countries revealed that college students in Lebanon and Japan reported higher levels of stigma towards autism (as measured by greater desired social distance from a "person with autism 1 ") than college students in the US (Obeid et al, 2015;Someki et al, 2018). Lebanon and Japan are often considered slightly more collectivistic than individualistic, although pronounced variation in cultural values within each country is also apparent (e.g., Ayyash-Abdo, 2001;Hofstede Insights, n.d.;Matsumoto, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, they did not assess the degree to which their participants actually endorsed collectivistic or individualistic cultural values. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to identify cultural value orientations, and other individual differences, that contribute to differences in stigma (assessed as in prior cross-cultural comparisons using a social distance scale; Obeid et al, 2015;Someki et al, 2018) among college students in two multicultural countries: the US, a vast country (9,161,923 square kilometers) with substantial, but unequally distributed, supports for autistic people (Mandell et al, 2009), and Lebanon, a small (10,452 square kilometers) country in the Middle East with very limited autism resources (Daou, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors underlying cross-cultural differences in stigma toward autism among college students in Lebanon and the United States

Gillespie-Lynch

Daou

Sánchez‐Ruiz

et al. 2019

Autism

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Although stigma negatively impacts autistic people globally, the degree of stigma varies across cultures. Prior research suggests that stigma may be higher in cultures with more collectivistic orientations. This study aimed to identify cultural values and other individual differences that contribute to cross-cultural differences in autism stigma (assessed with a social distance scale) between college students in Lebanon ( n = 556) and those in the United States ( n = 520). Replicating prior work, stigma was lower in women than men and in the United States relative to Lebanon. Heightened autism knowledge, quality of contact with autistic people, openness to experience, and reduced acceptance of inequality predicted lower stigma. Collectivism was not associated with heightened stigma. Findings highlight the need to address structural inequalities, combat harmful misconceptions, and foster positive contact to combat stigma.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Factors underlying cross-cultural differences in stigma toward autism among college students in Lebanon and the United States

Gillespie-Lynch

Daou

Sánchez‐Ruiz

et al. 2019

Autism

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“…Stigma Stigma towards individuals with autism and their families occurs globally and crosses culture and context (Grinker et al, 2012;Ha, Whittaker, Whittaker, & Rodger, 2014;Hsu et al, 2017;Manor-Binyamini & Shoshana, 2018;Mitter, Ali, & Scior, 2019;Someki, Torii, Brooks, Koeda, & Gillespie-Lynch, 2018;Tilahun et al, 2016). Two types of stigma can be distinguished; felt stigma (internal stigma rooted in fear of enacted stigma) and enacted stigma (external stigma, including overt ostracism or discrimination) (Brohan, Slade, Clement, & Thornicroft, 2010).…”

Section: Associated Factors Of Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe

2020

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Autism research is heavily skewed towards western high-income countries. Culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic instruments for autism are lacking in most low-and middle-income settings where the majority of the global autism population lives. To date, a clear overview of the possible cultural and contextual factors that may affect the process of identifying and diagnosing individuals with ASD is missing. This study aims to outline these factors by proposing a conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary review approach was applied to inform the development of the conceptual framework, combining a systematic review of the relevant autism research literature with a wider literature search spanning key texts in global mental health, cultural psychiatry, cross-cultural psychology and intellectual disability research. The resulting conceptual framework considers the identification, helpseeking and diagnostic process at four interrelated levels: i) the expression, ii) recognition, iii) interpretation and iv) reporting of autism symptoms, and describes the cultural and contextual factors associated with each of these levels, including cultural norms of typical and atypical behaviour, culture-specific approaches to parenting, mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, attitudes and stigma, as well as the affordability, availability, accessibility and acceptability of services. This framework, mapping out the cultural and contextual factors that can affect the identification, help-seeking and diagnosis of ASD, may function as a springboard for the development of culturally appropriate autism screening and diagnostic instruments, and inform future cross-cultural autism research directions. The framework also has relevance for clinicians and policy makers aiming to improve support for underserved autism populations worldwide. Lay summaryThe vast majority of autism research is conducted in western high-income settings. We therefore know relatively little of how culture and context can affect the identification, helpseeking and diagnosis of autism across the globe. This paper synthesises what is known from the autism research literature and a broader literature and maps out how culture and context may affect i) the expression, ii) recognition, iii) interpretation and iv) reporting of autism symptoms.

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Section: Associated Factors Of Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

A conceptual framework for understanding the cultural and contextual factors on autism across the globe

Leeuw¹,

Happé²,

Hoekstra³

2019

Preprint

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Autism research is heavily skewed towards western high-income countries. Culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic instruments for autism are lacking in most low- and middle-income settings where the majority of the global autism population lives. To date, a clear overview of the possible cultural and contextual factors that may affect the process of identifying and diagnosing individuals with ASD is missing. This study aims to outline these factors by proposing a conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary review approach was applied to inform the development of the conceptual framework, combining a systematic review of the relevant autism research literature with a wider literature search spanning key texts in global mental health, cultural psychiatry, cross-cultural psychology and intellectual disability research. The resulting conceptual framework considers the identification, help-seeking and diagnostic process at four interrelated levels: i) the expression, ii) recognition, iii) interpretation and iv) reporting of autism symptoms, and describes the cultural and contextual factors associated with each of these levels, including cultural norms of typical and atypical behaviour, culture-specific approaches to parenting, mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, attitudes and stigma, as well as the affordability, availability, accessibility and acceptability of services. This framework, mapping out the cultural and contextual factors that can affect the identification, help-seeking and diagnosis of ASD, may function as a springboard for the development of culturally appropriate autism screening and diagnostic instruments, and inform future cross-cultural autism research directions. The framework also has relevance for clinicians and policy makers aiming to improve support for underserved autism populations worldwide.

show abstract

Stigma associated with autism among college students in Japan and the United States: An online training study

Cited by 72 publications

References 38 publications

Factors underlying cross-cultural differences in stigma toward autism among college students in Lebanon and the United States

Factors underlying cross-cultural differences in stigma toward autism among college students in Lebanon and the United States

A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe

A conceptual framework for understanding the cultural and contextual factors on autism across the globe

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